In this paper, a three dimensional (3D) NAND flash memory array having Tied Bit-line and Ground Select Transistor (TiGer) is investigated. Bit-lines are stacked in the vertical direction to increase the memory density without the device size scaling. To distinguish stacked bit-lines, a novel operation scheme is introduced instead of adding supplementary control gates. The stacked layers are sel...

The development is presented of two low weight, motion resistant stiff floating wind turbine concepts for deployment in water depths ranging from 30 to several hundred meters in seastates with wave heights up to 30 meters supporting 3-5 MW onshore wind turbines. The floating wind turbines may be fully assembled at a coastal facility in their upright position prior to being towed to the offshore...

The anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) and nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing (n-damo) bacteria in a paddy soil core (0-100 cm) were investigated with newly designed primers targeting the hydrazine synthase β-subunit (hzsB) of anammox bacteria and the recently published primers targeting the pmoA and 16S rRNA genes of n-damo bacteria. The hzsB gene was identified as a proper biom...

Grazing can cause changes in soil carbon (C) level. This study aimed to elucidate the response of soil labile organic carbon (SLOC) under four different grazing intensities: non grazing (NG), 0 sheep·ha(-1); light grazing (LG), 0.91 sheep·ha(-1); moderate grazing (MG), 1.82 sheep·ha(-1), and heavy grazing (HG), 2.73 sheep·ha(-1). Results showed that there was no significant difference in total ...

This study aimed at assessing the susceptibility of different tooth types (molar/premolar), surfaces (buccal/lingual) and enamel depths (100, 200, 400 and 600 μm) to initial erosion measured by surface microhardness loss (ΔSMH) and calcium (Ca) release. Twenty molars and 20 premolars were divided into experimental and control groups, cut into lingual/ buccal halves, and ground/polished, removin...

In the upper crust, where hydraulic gradients are typically ,1 MPa km, advective heat transport is often effective for permeabilities k $ 10 m and advective mass (solute) transport for k $ 10 m. Regional-scale analyses of coupled groundwater flow and heat transport in the upper crust typically infer permeabilities in the range of 10 to 10 m, so that heat advection is sometimes significant and s...

In this paper, we propose recognition method of the stacked objects for pick-and-place motion. The situation that the objects are stacked miscellaneously in the home is assumed. In the home, the equipment to arrange the objects doesn't exist. Therefore it's necessary to recognize the stacked objects respectively. In this paper, Information on the objects are measured by a laser range finder (LR...

Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) provide high-density, low-latency, and low-power vertical interconnects through a thinned-down wafer substrate, thereby enabling the creation of 2.5Dand 3D-Stacked ICs. In 2.5D-SICs, multiple dies are stacked side-by-side on top of a passive silicon interposer base containing TSVs. 3D-SICs are towers of vertically stacked active dies, in which the vertical inter-die ...

Many physical and chemical processes control the extent of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide reduction by dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. The surface precipitation of secondary Fe minerals on Fe(III) oxyhydroxides limits the extent of microbial Fe(III) reduction, but this phenomenon has not yet been observed in nature. This paper reports the observation of secondary Fe-mineral (goethite) encrustati...