The use of non-ejaculated sperm coupled with intracytoplasmic sperm injection has become a globally established procedure for couples with azoospermic male partners who wish to have biological offspring. Surgical methods have been developed to retrieve spermatozoa from the epididymides and the testes of such patients. This article reviews the methods currently available for sperm acquisition in...

Advances of the last two decadesin the treatment of azoospermic men enabled recovery of testicular spermatozoa and fertilization of the oocytes with ICSI. Since the introduction of the retrieval of testicular sperm by tissue extraction [1,2], ICSI with testicular sperm has become a routine procedure initially for patients with obstructive azoospermia (OA) [1,2], and later for non-obstructive az...

introduction: cryopreservation of single human spermatozoa is a new technique designed to improve the management of male infertility, it was first introduced in 1997 and was reported by others latter. the aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of this method in preserving either ejaculated or surgically retrieved spermatozoae. materials and methods: spermatozoae were obtained from ...

Approximately 15% of couples cannot conceive a child after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse. Male factor infertility is contributory in another 30% to 40%. Most causes of male infertility are treatable and the goal of many treatments is to restore the ability to conceive naturally. The dramatic recent improvements in the management of male infertility are largely contributable to impr...