This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between the spatial distribution of economic activity and transportation costs. We develop a multi-region model of economic geography that we use to understand the general equilibrium implications of transportation infrastructure improvements within and between locations for wages, population, trade and industry com...

This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between the spatial distribution of economic activity and transportation costs. We develop a multi-region model of economic geography that we use to understand the general equilibrium implications of transportation infrastructure improvements within and between locations for wages, population, trade and industry com...

Functional quality of the student residence halls has a great deal of importance due to their collective nature and the fact that they are considered as housing units, identifying and defining the role of intermediary spaces on the spatial organization and and spatial consociation of student residence halls which is a compound system of masses and spatial borderlines can bring order to its syst...

In the past decade, theoretical ecologists have emphasized that local interactions between predators and prey may invoke emergent spatial patterning at larger spatial scales. However, empirical evidence for the occurrence of emergent spatial patterning is scarce, which questions the relevance of the proposed mechanisms to ecological theory. We report on regular spatial patterns in young mussel ...

Spatial boundaries are a defining feature of a city’s social and spatial organization. Rivers, highways, and train tracks create excess distance between nearby locations and often mark social separation – they become dividing lines that are well known to residents. Qualitative studies are rich with insight about the local significance of boundaries, but they have been largely ignored in the qua...

The genomes of unicellular organisms form complex 3-dimensional structures. This spatial organization is hypothesized to have a significant role in genomic function. Spatial organization is not limited solely to the three-dimensional folding of the chromosome(s) in genomes but also includes genome positioning, and the folding and compartmentalization of any additional genetic material (e.g. epi...

â â â  some of the necessary approaches to access the sustainable and balanced development process for investment and fulfillment of developmen projects are spatial planning, determining operational scales and locating tourism centers scientifically. in this paper as part of the results of a great research project in bazoft area of chaharmahal bakhteari, over of functional-structural view, with...

The hippocampus appears to undergo continual representational reorganization as animals navigate their environments. This reorganization is postulated to be reflected spatially in terms of changes in the ensemble of place cells activated, as well as changes in place field specificity and reliability for cells recorded in both hilar/CA3 and CA1 regions. The specific contribution of the hilar/CA3...