1. Introduction By " discreteness " of a spatial model we generally understand that in any bounded neighbourhood, or (bounded) region, there are only finitely many elements of the carrier of the model. Thus the model should be (at least) locally finite. Another way of putting it is that the bounded regions should not be infinitely subdivisible. As is well known, Aristotle argued (Physics: III,6...

Methods for spatial and spatio-temporal modeling are becoming increasingly important in environmental sciences and other sciences where data arise from a process in an inherent spatial setting. Technological advances in remote sensing, monitoring networks, and other methods of collecting spatial data in recent decades have revolutionized scientific endeavor in fields such as agriculture, climat...

Recent advances in computer memory and speed and new specialised software for the capture, manipulation and presentation of spatial information have vastly increased the possibilities of spatial planning models. The aggregation error of zones can now be overcome by new and efficient ways of spatial interpolation, spurious equilibrium assumptions can be replaced by the dynamics of different spee...

The hippocampus is one of the most studied areas of the brain. It has attracted interest due to its position many synapses removed from sensory transducers or motor-e ectors, the putative role of hippocampal damage in human amnesia, the discovery of long term potentiation (LTP, see SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY) and the discovery that cell ring is spatially coded. It has also been studied for its role in...

This paper provides a survey of the existing literature on spatial panel data models. Both static and dynamic models will be considered. The paper also demonstrates that spatial econometric models that include lags of the dependent variable and of the independent variables in both space and time provide a useful tool to quantify the magnitude of direct and indirect effects, both in the short te...

the process of spatial distribution of urban services in order to provide equitable access to opportunities and reduced regional disparities, and earning the highest citizen satisfaction are among the main challenges facing urban management. this requires knowledge of the current status of spatial distribution of public services in the city, followed by optimal resource allocation under varying...

the presence of yield systematic risk in agricultural sector is one of the main reasons for facing this sector with huge damages and is one of the restricting factors in developing agricultural insurance in iran. this study explores the presence of systematic yield risk and the extent and severity of yield spatial dependence for apple production in iran. to this end, the apple production region...