Lignin depolymerisation has received considerable attention recently due to the pressing need to find sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel feedstock to produce chemicals and fuels. Two types of interunit linkages (C–C and C–O linkages) link several aromatic units in the structure of lignin. Between these two inter-unit linkages, the bond energies of C–C linkages are higher than that of C–O l...

Evidence suggests that patterns of benthic community structure are functionally linked to estuarine processes and physical characteristics of the benthos. To assess these linkages for coarse-sediment shorelines, we used a spatially nested sampling design to quantify patterns of distribution and abundance of both macroinfauna and macroepibiota. We examined replicate beach segments within a site ...

The thermal copolymerization of lysine with other alpha-amino acids has been studied further. The identity of the second amino acid influences various properties of the polymer obtained, including the proportion of alpha and epsilon linkages of lysine. A review of linkages in proteinoids indicated alpha and beta linkages for aspartic acid, alpha and gamma linkages for glutamic acid, alpha and e...

In this paper, we consider a special kind of overconstrained 6R closed linkages which we call angle-symmetric 6R linkages. These are linkages with the property that the rotation angles are equal for each of the three pairs of opposite joints. We give a classification of these linkages. It turns that there are three types. First, we have the linkages with line symmetry. The second type is new. T...

Recent works have demonstrated the viability of convolutional neural networks (CNN) for capturing highly non-linear microstructure-property linkages in high contrast composite material systems. In this work, we develop a new CNN architecture that utilizes drastically reduced number trainable parameters building these linkages, compared to benchmarks current literature. This is accomplished by c...

The dimensional synthesis of spatial chains for a prescribed set of positions can be applied to the design of parallel robots by joining the solutions of each serial chain at the end effector. This design method does not provide with the knowledge about the trajectory between task positions and, in some cases, may yield a system with negativemobility. These problems can be avoided for some over...

Employing a unique dataset that covers almost 6000 informal enterprises from six West African urban centers, this paper examines the backward and forward linkages of these enterprises to the formal sector. We first provide a descriptive analysis of the existing formalinformal linkages. It turns out that formal backward linkages are much more prevalent than formal forward linkages, and that link...

The authors review spontaneous manipulation and spatial problem solving by capuchin monkeys to illuminate the nature of relational reasoning (wherein two or more elements of a problem or situation are considered together to arrive at a course of action) that these monkeys use in goal-directed activity. Capuchin monkeys master problems with one, two, or three spatial relations, and if more than ...

For 1990–2019, this study presents two-step GMM estimates of EU members’ demands for defense spending based on alternative spatial-weight matrices. In particular, spatial connectivity is tied to membership status, contiguity, contiguity and power projection, inverse distance, arms trade. At a Nash equilibrium, our demand equations are derived explicitly from spatially game-theoretical model all...