s: A number of ways in which mathematics is used in geography are mentioned. Plane Euclidean geometry is used in surveying small areas in the field, while spherical geometry and trigonometry are required in the construction of map projections, both traditional elements of mathematical geography. In the newer applications of mathematics to geography, topology is being used increasingly in the sp...

Discounting is traditionally conceptualized as the comparison of the value of gains or losses that occur at different times. It endeavors to incorporate how humans trade off values to be received in the future versus value received immediately into economic analysis. Discounting has emerged as a key factor in assessments of climate change and other long-term environmental issues. However, the t...

The use of cellular models for simulating spatial change phenomena has been a subject of intensive theoretical and applied research for the last two decades. This type of models was developed during the 1940s to devise mathematical rules for the evolution of biological systems. They were introduced in urban geography by Waldo Tobler in the 1970s because of their spatial structure and their abil...

22 Moving from a traditional dialect geography research methodology to one in which data are processed 23 electronically and where visualization is used as a research tool can be of great benefit to dialect geography. 24 A working environment offering full support for using visualization as a research tool could take dialect 25 geography into the era of eScience. Despite the advent of electroni...

To assess whether the present-day geographical variability of Spanish surnames mirrors historical phenomena occurred at the times of their introduction (13th-16th century), and to infer the possible effect of foreign immigration (about 11% of present-day) on the observed patterns of diversity, we have analyzed the frequency distribution of 33,753 unique surnames (tokens) occurring 51,419,788 ti...

This article is directed toward health professionals who have a limited background in epidemiology and geography but are interested in medical geography. Although geospatial analysis and the availability of geographic information systems is a growing field, there is little literature available regarding medical geography. Medical geography is a field that incorporates geographical and epidemiol...

The science of geography, also literally called in Arabic "faces and slices of earth", involves a kind of land survey which emerged into Islam. There were several factors contributing to geography such as command of Islam to learning, Quran geographical themes, pilgrimage routes and wide-range Muslim conquests. This article attempted to examine two major schools of geography in the Isl...