It is not widely appreciated that many subtleties are involved in the accurate measurement of intensity-correlated photons; even for the original experiments of Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT). Using a monolithic 4 x 4 array of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), together with an off-chip algorithm for processing streaming data, we investigate the difficulties of measuring second-order photon...

We designed and characterized Silicon Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) fabricated in a high-voltage 0.35 μm CMOS technology, achieving state-of-the-art low Dark Counting Rate (DCR), very large diameter, and extended Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) in the Near Ultraviolet. So far, different groups fabricated CMOS SPADs in scaled technologies, but with many drawbacks in active area dimens...

Sequence analysis upstream from the subtilin structural gene (spaS) in Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 revealed several open reading frames, SpaB, SpaC, and SpaD. SpaB, consisting of 599 amino acid residues, shows excellent homology with a variety of membrane translocator proteins, such as HlyB from Escherichia coli and some mammalian multidrug resistance proteins. When the spaB gene was interrupte...

In recent years significant progress has been made in near-infrared single photon detection using Geiger-mode InPbased single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). A more detailed understanding of these detectors with regard to device design, material growth and device fabrication has led to continual performance improvements. A variety of circuits for enabling SPAD Geiger-mode operation have been p...

The recent development of 2D arrays of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) has driven the development of applications based on the ability to capture light in motion. Such arrays are composed typically of 32x32 SPAD detectors, each having the ability to detect single photons and measure their time of arrival with a resolution of about 100 ps. Thanks to the single-photon sensitivity and the hi...

A hydroponic experiment carried out to study the effect of five Cd levels on growth and photosynthesis of two tomato cultivars showed that the addition of 0.1 micromol/L Cd induced a slight increase in plant height of Hezuo 903 and the SPAD (the Soil-Plant Analyses Development) value of the 2 cultivars. However, at higher Cd levels, i.e., 1 and 10 micromol/L, root length and volume, plant heigh...

Article history: Received 21 May 2017 Received in revised form 19 June 2017 Accepted 9 July 2017 Available online 15 July 2017 Single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is one of the promising candidates among photodetectors due to its high sensitivity and accuracy. Alongwith the existing custom compound avalanche diodes, SPADs fabricated in CMOS technology have been suggested and studied widely due...

Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imagers typically have a relatively low fill factor, i.e. a low proportion of the pixel's surface is light sensitive, due to in-pixel circuitry. We present a microlens array fabricated on a 128×128 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imager to enhance its sensitivity. The benefits and limitations of these light concentrators are studied for low light imagin...