Cable and Wireless, Jamaica (C&WJ) operated in Jamaica under an exclusive license which made them a virtual monopoly. In 1999 the Government of Jamaica decided to renegotiate the license and liberalize the telecommunications industry. Early in the liberalization process new companies entered the market and C&WJ struggled to cope with the new competitive dynamics of the market. C&WJ although dom...

DeSimone JA, Ren Z, Phan TT, Heck GL, Mummalaneni S, Lyall V. Changes in taste receptor cell [Ca ]i modulate chorda tympani responses to salty and sour taste stimuli. J Neurophysiol 108: 3206–3220, 2012. First published September 5, 2012; doi:10.1152/jn.00916.2011.—The relationship between taste receptor cell (TRC) Ca concentration ([Ca ]i) and rat chorda tympani (CT) nerve responses to salty [...

The presence of defective coffee beans depreciates the quality of the coffee beverage consumed worldwide. The intrinsic defects (sour, black and immature beans) are the ones that, when roasted, contribute the most to the depreciation of the coffee beverage quality. Color sorting is the major procedure employed for separation of defective and non-defective coffee beans prior to roasting. However...

PURPOSE There is increasing evidence to show cytoprotective effects of various flavonoid-rich extracts and the tissue-protective capacity of flavonoid-rich extract of sour cherry is due to flavonoid components of seeds. Sour cherry seed flavonoids were evaluated for their contribution to postischemic recovery related to endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) production in rat retinas subjected to isch...

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method (DLLME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was used to determine thiamine (B1), nicotinamide (B3) and pyridoxine (B6) in sour cherry juice. This method was rapid, simple and sensitive. Separation was accomplished using a C18 column. The optimum chromatographic conditions were found to be: mobile ph...

Although putatively taste has been associated with obesity as one of the factors governing food intake, previous studies have failed to find a consistent link between taste perception and Body Mass Index (BMI). A comprehensive comparison of both thresholds and hedonics for four basic taste modalities (sweet, salty, sour, and bitter) has only been carried out with a very small sample size in adu...

Citrus aurantium subsp. bergamia is a member of the Rutaceae. In Turkish folk medicine, Citrus species have several uses such as for their appetizing, diaphoretic, antiseptic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects (1). The Bergamot oil (BO) is a roughly pear-shaped citrus fruit. The fruit is produced in Italy, East Africa, Ivory Coast, Argentina, Brazil, Turkey and some other Mediterranean co...

The transition from self-incompatibility (SI) to self-compatibility (SC) is regarded as one of the most prevalent transitions in Angiosperm evolution, having profound impacts on the genetic structure of populations. Yet, the identity and function of mutations that result in the breakdown of SI in nature are not well understood. This work provides the first detailed genetic description of the br...

CONTEXT Sour acidic liquid has a slower distal esophageal transit than a neutral liquid. Our hypothesis was that an acidic sour bolus has a different ingestion dynamic than a neutral bolus. METHOD In 50 healthy volunteers and 29 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), we evaluated the ingestion dynamics of 100 mL of acidic sour liquid (concentrated lemon juice, pH: 3.0) and 100 ...

Tristeza, caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), has long been present in Florida but outbreaks of decline on sour orange rootstock were occasional events until the late 1970s. Sour orange rootstock was valued for the high quality of fruit produced and was widely used because of its tolerance of citrus blight, a disease of unknown etiology. Research was directed towards the selection and screen...