Renal Stone is one of the fairly common diseases in all over the world. According to statistics , its prevalence in America is between 10 to 15% (1). Iran and its neighbors such as Turkey and Pakistan locate on stone-making region. The exact prevalence and incidence rates of urinary calculi in Iran are not clear (2). Since a) mortality rate in this disease is not high, b) there is no longer tim...

Abstract Belnap and Dunn’s well-known 4-valued logic FDE is an interesting useful non-classical logic. defined by using conjunction, disjunction negation as the sole propositional connectives. Then question of expanding with implication connective course great interest. In this sense, some implicative expansions have been proposed in literature, among which Brady’s BN4 seems to be preferred opt...

One of the main reasons why classical logic is not always the most adequate tool for describing human knowledge is that in many real-life situations, we have some arguments in favor of a certain statement A and some arguments in favor of its negation ¬A. As a result, we want to consider both A and ¬A to be (to some extent) true. Classical logic does not allow us to do that, while in fuzzy logic...

Throughout history, opium has been used as a base for the opioid class of drugs used to suppress the central nervous system. Opium is a substance extracted from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Its consumption and medicinal application date back to antiquity. In the medieval period, Avicenna, a famous Persian scholar (980-1037 AD) described poppy under the entry Afion of his medical enc...

Many have contended that non-classical logicians failed at providing evidence of paraconsistent logics being applicable in cases inconsistency toleration the sciences. With this mind, my main concern here is methodological. I aim addressing question how should we study and explain inconsistent science, using tools, without ruining into most common methodological mistakes. My response divided tw...

ion, in R. WISNOVSKY ed., Aspects of Avicenna, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, NJ

BACKGROUND Liver injury or dysfunction is considered as a serious health problem. The available synthetic drugs to treat liver disorders are expensive and cause further damage. Hence, hepatoprotective effects of some herbal drugs have been investigated, and one of the methods to choose herbs in order to study their biological effects is to search in ancient medical texts. Avicenna who is known ...