In this review, we examine how roots penetrate a structured soil. We first examine the relationship between soil water status and its mechanical strength, as well as the ability of the soil to supply water to the root. We identify these as critical soil factors, because it is primarily in drying soil that mechanical constraints limit root elongation. Water supply to the root is important becaus...

A cone penetrometer is widely used in tillage and off-road mobility research as an indicator of soil strength and density characteristics. Light-weight, manually operated units are especially useful in recording cone index determination at remote field locations. An electronically hand-pushed soil penetrometer with a microcontroller-based data logging system was designed and fabricated to provi...

This article presents experimental results and analysis of change in freezing characteristics clays silts with pH moisture content the pore structures. The plastic non-plastic cold regions undergo significant changes thermal properties causing non-equilibrium conditions which can lead to frost-heave, thaw-weakening, thawing-induced landslides, mass wasting events. In geotechnical engineering, p...

1. Abstract Soil tillage is considered one of most important practices in agricultural production due to its influence on physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil environment. The effect of a long-term tillage [no-till (NT), spring till (ST), and fall and spring till (FST)] was investigated on soil penetration resistance (PR), bulk density (BD), gravimetric water content (GWC) ...

Usually large numbers of measurements are required to describe spatial variability of soil resistance but GIS technology with interpolations methods make it possible to estimate data from unsampled locations. In this paper cone index (CI) measurements were made in two occasions in 2.88 ha fi eld in central Croatia to present soil condition. A commonly used tillage operation consists of ploughin...

Microneedles represent promising tools for delivery of drugs to the skin. However, before these microneedles can be used in clinical practice, it is essential to understand the process of skin penetration by these microneedles. The present study was designed to monitor both penetration depth and force of single solid microneedles with various tip diameters ranging from 5 to 37µm to provide insi...

Medicinal species of mountain’s kelavs, scientifically named (kelussia odoratissmia Mozaffar.) is an endemic species in Iran. Kelussia odoratissima is a perennial species and belongs to the umbelliferae. From the ancient times, the local and nomad societies had believed that the species traditionally have anti-ache, anti-inflation and anti-cough effects. Seed and root of this species are boiled...