Background: ART contracts involving third parties have been created while clinical reproductive treatments are globally widespread. Iran is pioneer in applying these treatments in middle-east due to shii’at jurisprudence prescribing them. This key role in region, has raised Iranian jurists’ responsibility in developing a legal system regarding administration of ART. The most significant part of...

This has been an era of Velvet Revolutions, Tea Parties, and Arab Springs . Ever since the depolarization of the Cold War blocs in 1989, a series of widely celebrated political events has played out across the globe, expanding the scope of democracy, self-determination, and freedom. It has occurred most recently in North Africa and the Middle East, where popular insurgencies have won hard-fough...

A central claim of democratic theory is that democracy induces governments to be responsive to the preferences of the people. Political parties organize politics in every modern democracy, and some observers claim that parties are what induce democracies to be responsive. Yet, according to others, parties give voice to extremists and reduce the responsiveness of governments to the citizenry. Th...

Abstract While radical right parties commonly advance conservative gender positions, research on voters’ attitudes remains inconclusive. To understand attitudes, I first analyze previous for frames that antifeminist actors use to their arguments. then draw interviews with eastern German voters whether and how these apply argue about feminist policy. demonstrate they oppose mostly third-wave rec...

This paper explores the role of public policy in the development of tourism in Jamaica. It focuses on two separate and contrasting periods. In the first, 1972–80, referred to here as ‘The Socialist Era’, the Jamaican government pursued goals of self-reliance combined with seeking to integrate tourism into Jamaican life. In the second period, 1980–89, ‘The Period of Capitalism’, emphasis was shi...

Transitions from state socialism generated a startling array of early economic outcomes, ranging from severe economic crises to steady economic growth, and igniting debates about the causal role of policy choices, institutional design, and initial economic circumstances. We depart from prior explanations in two ways. First, we distinguish between causes of initial recessions and causes of varia...

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Since 1978, China has embarked on the ambitious transition from a planned economy toward a market economy, which has resulted in profound changes in every aspect of the society, including the provision and consumption of housing. With privatization in the housing system and the emergence of a housing market, the rate of homeownership in urban China has sky-rocketed from around 20% in the 1980s ...

Abstract In the 1950s, a commitment to democratic socialism connected networks of intellectuals, activists and political operators in both Europe Asia. Many these were women, who built informal intimate solidarity that underpinned movement. The rich set correspondence between European Asian socialist women speaks their role as connectors global local civil society within international circuits....