Organisms display an impressive array of defence strategies in nature. Inducible defences (changes in morphology and/or behaviour within a prey's lifetime) allow prey to decrease vulnerability to predators and avoid unnecessary costs of expression. Many studies report considerable interindividual variation in the degree to which inducible defences are expressed, yet what underlies this variatio...

A huge variety of organisms respond to the presence of predators with inducible defences, each of which is associated with costs. Many genotypes have the potential to respond with more than one defence, and it has been argued that it would be maladaptive to exhibit all possible responses at the same time. Here, we test how a well-known anti-fish defence in Daphnia, life-history changes (LHC), i...

Malware are becoming a major problem to every individual and organization in the cyber world. They are advancing in sophistication in many ways. Besides their advanced abilities to penetrate and stay evasive against detection and remediation, they have strong resilience mechanisms that are defying all attempts to eradicate them. Malware are also attacking defence of the systems and making them ...

The development of structural defences, such as the fortification of shells or exoskeletons, is a widespread strategy to reduce predator attack efficiency. In unpredictable environments these defences may be more pronounced in the presence of a predator. The cladoceran Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera) has been shown to develop a bulky morphotype as an effective inducible morph...

Much has been reported on attempts to fool biometric sensors with false fingerprints, facial overlays and a myriad of other spoofing approaches. Other attack vectors on biometric systems have, however, had less prominence. This paper seeks to present a broader and more practical view of biometric system attack vectors, placing them in the context of a risk-based systems approach to security and...