The recent increase in inequality in the U.S. and other developed countries has stimulated the debate among economists. This debate is best exemplified by Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the twenty-first century and his critics. Taking aside the predictions for the future and the role that capital gains play in this debate, a deeper question is: what is a “normal” level of inequality in historical ...

Understanding and modeling the mechanisms by which directed social networks evolve are active areas of research. One related emerging topic is to understand and predict the formation of reciprocal edges, which has many potential applications such as directed social network modeling, friend recommendation, information propagation and targeted spamming. However, there have been few studies provid...

fusion is a developmental anomaly defined as the :union: of two normally separated tooth buds or the partial splitting of one tooth bud into two buds. depending on the stage of development, fusion may be either complete or incomplete. the significance of this particular case was that this fusion occurred in a posterior permanent mandibular tooth, while such a manifestation is more reported in m...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk of stillbirth, neonatal death, and lethal congenital anomaly among babies of mothers living close to incinerators and crematoriums in Cumbria, north west England, 1956-93. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. Logistic regression was used to investigate the risk of each outcome in relation to proximity at birth to incinerators and crematoriums, adjusting f...

BACKGROUND Reported rises in the prevalence of hypospadias and other abnormalities of the male reproductive system may be a result of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. AIMS To analyse the relation between risk of hypospadias and maternal occupation, particularly with regard to exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). METHODS Data (1980-96) from the National Con...

The authors investigated the recurrence risk of congenital anomalies as a function of changes in genetic and environmental factors in single births following the birth of a child with an anomaly. The study is a population-based historical follow-up using the Danish Medical Birth registry, hospital discharge diagnoses, and Statistic Denmark's Fertility Database. The investigators identified 8,67...