This paper examines the endogenous emergence of a commodity money in a trading post economy. The commodity money is defined as the common medium of exchange and is determined by the equilibrium pattern of exchange. The long run equilibria are analyzed using an evolutionary style model. Agents follow a simple adaptive process, generating dynamics that are reduced to a Markov process. Examples ar...

Edges represent significant boundary information between objects or classes. Various methods, which are based on differential operation, such as Sobel, Prewitt, Roberts, Canny, and etc. have been proposed and widely used. The methods are based on a linear convolution of mask with pre-assigned coefficients. In this paper, we propose an edge detection method based on Dempster-Shafer's evidence th...

In this paper the important problem is to understand the fundamental concepts of various filters and apply these filters in identifying a shark fish type which is taken as a case study. In this paper the edge detection techniques are taken for consideration. The software is implemented using MATLAB. The main two operators in image processing are Gradient and Laplacian operators. The case study ...

The quality of a state’s judicial system is an important determinant of economic growth and vitality. The decisions made within state judicial systems affect the degree to which private property rights are well-defined and enforced, which is an essential building block for entrepreneurial activity and economic growth. The key link between free-market institutions, such as secure property rights...

In this paper, we propose a fast circular edge detector for the iris region segmentation by detecting the inner and outer boundaries of the iris. In previous work, the circular edge detector which John G.Daugman proposed, searches the radius and the center of the iris to detect its outer boundary over an eye image. To do so, he used Gaussian filter to smooth texture patterns of the iris which c...

This paper addresses how hard evidence can be incorporated into mechanismdesign analysis. Two classes of models are compared: (a) ones in which evidentiary decisions are accounted for explicitly, and (b) ones in which the players make abstract declarations of their types. Conditions are provided under which versions of these models are equivalent. The paper also addresses whether dynamic mechan...

In this paper, we present a new spatial error concealment algorithm with optimized directional decision and extrapolation. First, we employ the Sobel operator and a Hessian matrix to determine the exact direction in the cases of existing both step edges and line edges in the image. Then, with the accurately estimated direction, lost MBs are recovered by directional extrapolation pixel-by-pixel....

Text in video is a very compact and accurate clue for video indexing and summarization. This paper presents an algorithm regarding word group as a special symbol to detect, localize and extract video text using support vector machine (SVM) automatically. First, four sobel operators are applied to get the EM(edge map) of the video frame and the EM is segmented into N×2N size blocks. Then charact...

[1] Twenty-first century projections of global rainfall and sea surface temperature in the current generation of climate models indicate a delay in the seasonal cycle in response to increasing greenhouse gases, with important implications for the regional monsoons. In particular, the rainy season of the semi-arid African Sahel is projected to start later and become shorter. The robust agreement...

Access to private information is shown to generate both the incentives and the ability to manipulate asset markets through strategically distorted announcements. The fact that privileged information is noisy interferes with the public's attempts to learn whether such announcements are honest; it allows opportunistic individuals to manipulate prices repeatedly, without ever being fully found out...