This work reports on the hysteresis behavior and an initial baseline drift of printed strain gauges embedded in organic coating layers on sheet steel that we recently introduced. We subsequently investigated the performance over an extended period of time, which revealed interesting and partially unexpected material properties of printed strain gauges made from silver and carbon. Both silverand...

As in the case of the other gauge field theories, there is so called “gauge” also in general relativity. This “gauge” is unphysical degree of freedom. There are two kinds of “gauges” in general relativity. These are called the firstand the second-kind of gauges, respectively. The gauge of the first kind is just coordinate system on a single manifold. On the other hand, the gauge of the second k...

Increasing production of artificial snow in ski resorts is controversially discussed, but only few investigations have been carried out systematically to specify the environmental impacts. We measured snow depth and density from groomed ski pistes (runs) with compacted snow and their effects on ground temperatures and timing of snowmelt. We analyzed groomed pistes with and without artificial sn...

A challenging problem in snow mapping is the discrimination of snow from clouds. Snow and clouds often have similar spectral reflectance features across the spectrum and may have similar temperatures making discrimination difficult. Data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra spacecraft, is used to generate many geophys...

Degree-day factors are widely used to estimate snowmelt runoff in operational hydrological models. Usually, they are calibrated on observed runoff, and sometimes on satellite snow cover data. In this paper, we propose a new method for estimating the snowmelt degree-day factor (DDFS) directly from MODIS snow covered area (SCA) and ground-based snow depth data without calibration. Subcatchment sn...

Snow cover in the Tibetan Plateau is highly variable in space and time and plays a key role in ecological processes of this cold-desert ecosystem. Resolution of passive microwave data is too low for regional-scale estimates of snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau, requiring an alternate data source. Optically derived snow indices allow for more accurate quantification of snow cover using higherres...

Characterization of snow is critical for understanding Earth’s water and energy cycles. Maps of snow from MODIS have seen growing use in investigations of climate, hydrology, and glaciology, but the lack of rigorous validation of different snow mapping methods compromises these studies. We examine three widely used MODIS snow products: the ‘‘binary’’ (i.e., snow yes/no) global snow maps that we...

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: Keywords: MODIS Snow cover Perennial snow Glacier Tianshan Mountains s u m m a r y Based on multi-day combination of Terra a...

In the present work, failure of a snow slab is analyzed by accounting Normal mode criteria. The analysis has been extended to include residual stress into the model (in addition to body forces). Intensity of crack energy release rate, and displacement components have been derived and their values have been estimated. The obtained results have been compared with the existing snow slab failure mo...