(Middle) Cellular Events in Macroautophagy Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a catabolic process in which portions of the cytoplasm are sequestered within double-or multimembraned vesicles termed autophagosomes and then delivered to lysosomes for bulk degradation. The initial phases of macroautophagy consist of the formation of a phago-phore, which is also called an isolati...

See online version for legend and references. Autosomal-dominant nonsyndromic deafness (DFNA1), myeloproliferative defects, defects in T lymphocyte traffi cking and proliferation, tumor cell invasion, defects in natural killer lymphocyte function DIAPH2 (mDia3) Cdc42 Kinetochore Stable microtubule attachment to kinetochore for chromosome alignment Premature ovarian failure DIAPH3 (mDia2) Increa...

The immediate snapshot complexes were introduced as combinatorial models for the protocol complexes in the context of theoretical distributed computing. In the previous work we have developed a formal language of witness structures in order to define and to analyze these complexes. In this paper, we study topology of immediate snapshot complexes. It is known that these complexes are always pure...

(Cell 146, 633–644; August 19, 2011) In theDiscussionof theabovearticle,weneglected tociteChaffer et al. (2011),who recently identifiedplasticity in cancercell populations inwhich non-stemcancer cells cangive rise to cancer stem-like cells. Their findings, togetherwithour analysesof breast cancer cell lines and their ability to regenerate equilibrium populations of stem and non-stem cells, esta...

This paper presents snapshot algorithms for determining a consistent global state of a distributed system without significantly affecting the underlying computation. These algorithms do not require channels to be FIFO or messages to be acknowledged. Only a small amount of storage is needed. An important application of a snapshot algorithm is Global Virtual Time determination for distributed sim...

A neural implementation of the snapshot model of insect navigation proposed by Cartwright and Collett (1987, 1983) is presented. The neural circuit comprises simple model neurons with graded response and requires only local interconnections. As in the snapshot model, differences in bearings as well as differences in apparent size of landmarks are taken into account. The results obtained from si...

Snapshot isolation (SI) is a popular concurrency control protocol, but it permits non-serializable schedules that violate database integrity. The Serializable Snapshot Isolation (SSI) protocol ensures (view) serializability by preventing pivot structures in SI schedules. In this paper, we leverage the SSI approach and develop the Declarative Serializable Snapshot Isolation (DSSI) protocol, an S...