AbstractBackground: We investigated longitudinally the prevalence of smoking according to three stages of smoking (never smoking, experimenting the smoking, and regular smoking), the rates of transition from one stage to another one, and determinant predictors of transition through these stages of smoking.Methods: Of all 10th grade students in Tabriz, 1785 students were randomly selected and as...

Background and objective:Gingival bleeding reduction in smokers has been associated with decreased blood vessel density. The mechanism of suppressive effect of cigarette smoking on blood vessel density is not precisely defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of smoking on angiogenesis by assessing mast cells density and VEGF expression in chronic peri...

Background: Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease. It also causes pigmentation of oral mucosa. The present study was aimed to assess the effects of smoking on lip and gingival pigmentation and periodontal status and the relationship between pigmentation and periodontal parameters. Methods: A total of 109 smokers and an equal number of non-smoker controls (mean a...

Objective: This study was done to explore the relationship between components of metabolic syndrome and smoking. Materials and Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study in Ahvaz, south west of Iran, the gathering data sheet was completed. Body mass index, abdominal and waist circumference, Fasting Blood sugar, Triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels, systolic and diastolic ...

Smoking has been shown to be a complicating factor in normal wound healing. Both nicotine and carbon monoxide adversely affect multiple stages of the healing process. From 1991 to 1999,407 muscle flap procedures were performed on 374 patients in a single surgical unit. A retrospective review of 261 patients was completed. Patients were divided into three groups: Group A, no smoking history...

Introduction: The most common cardiac disease is coronary artery disease (CAD) in the world. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is implemented through two standard surgical techniques, namely off-pump beating-heart CABG (OPCABG) and on-pump CABG (ONCABG). The CABG results in various levels of morbidity, especially in smokers and addicts, who have a lower pain threshold. Regarding this, the ...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The prevalence of tobacco use and its associated mortality is increasing worldwide. Biomarkers in saliva, such as thiocyanate levels, have been shown to be a suitable indicator for smoking. The present study is conducted to determine the thiocyanate levels in saliva and compare them among tobacco (smoking and smokeless) users, passive smoker...

Abstract: Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by chronic airflow limitation and a variety of structural changes in the lung, some severe extra consequences, significant comorbidities that can lead to severity particular patients. Objectives: The objective present study was evaluate prescribing pattern corticosteroids bronchodilators COPD patients determine type ...