background: a major issue in many gene expressionstudies utilizing small amount of biological materials is thelimited quantity of rnapurified from clinical samples, which isoften used for rt-pcr or standard northern blot analysis.objectives: the smart cdna synthesis method and subsequentsmart-cdna-pcr technique was used to analyse 3genes in macroschizonts of theileria annulata in small lymphnod...

1. Introduction With the rapid growth of various wireless services and applications calling for high data rate transmission there is a demand for developing robust wideband wireless technology. In order to counter count adverse phenomena such as multi-path signal propagation and interference, which become more pronounced in wideband systems, smart antennas can be employed as a remedy. So far, m...

The electricity networks in many countries are facing a number of challenges due to growth in peak demand, integration of renewable energy sources, increasing security risks and environmental concerns. Smart Grid, as an automated and widely distributed energy network, offers viable solutions to those challenges. Software agents running on customer premises or embedded in appliances and equipmen...

Driven by concerns regarding environmental sustainability, energy security, and economic growth, a fundamental transformation is taking hold in the electricity sector. Advanced communications technologies and information systems (IS) will play a central role in the realization of the ‘smart grid’, an intelligent and multi-directional electricity supply chain from generation to end-user consumpt...

This study uses indicators to evaluate the progress made by Italian cities in the smart mobility sector, in order to understand how these cities have approached the new guidelines imposed by the European Union, and how they have implemented the European changes. Specifically, this study analyses the evolution of public transportation systems, using a sample of twenty-two Italian cities for thre...

The large spreading of e-democracy and e-participatory tools and environments showed, and is still showing, that technologies offer new direction for dealing with the challenge of scaling the deliberative democracy perspective up to the urban governance scale [24] [37]. The recent growth of Urban Living Labs and Human Smart City initiatives is disclosing a promising bridge between the micro-sca...

In the European Union, Member States and their regions are responsible for planning, funding and administration of public services, which should be based also on smart city tools. How smart is a city could be evaluated also by its ability to produce favorable conditions to get urban operators actively involved into spatial innovation dynamics, also to develop the innovative public logistics net...