This third issue of Evolutionary Applications features a wide range of topics, including evolutionary causes of invasiveness (Lee and Gelembiuk 2008), human sexual dimorphism (Crespi 2008), estimation of effective population size (Nomura 2008), genetic connectivity and habitat restoration (Raeymaekers et al. 2008), maize adaptation (Mercer et al. 2008), fitness consequences of wild-farm salmon ...

These functional foods designed to provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition (KayaCeliker and Mallikarjunan, 2012). Accruing evidences have acclaimed that dietary consumption of vitamin D is linked with low risks of multiple chronic diseases (Calvo et al., 2013; Green et al., 2010; Hohman et al., 2011; Jasinghe et al., 2005; Keane et al., 1998; Keegan et al., 2013; Ko et al., 2008; Koyyala...

Recently, Baghery et al. [1, 2] presented some attacks on two RFID protocols, namely Yoon and Jung et al. protocols, and proposed the improved version of them. However, in this note, we show that the improved version of the Jung et al. protocol suffers from desynchronization attack and the improved version of the Yoon's protocol suffers from secret disclosure attack. The succe...

Members of the genus Bifidobacterium are abundant in the stool of most human infants during the initial exclusively milk-fed period of life, especially at an age of 2–3 months (Harmsen et al., 2000; Favier et al., 2002; Mariat et al., 2009; Coppa et al., 2011; Turroni et al., 2012; Yatsunenko et al., 2012; Tannock et al., 2013; Barrett et al., 2015). Bifidobacteria dominate the stool microbiota...

Developmental plasticity can generate, from one genotype, diverse alternative phenotypes appropriate to local environmental conditions (West-Eberhard 2003). However, our understanding of the developmental-genetic mechanisms that underlie plastic responses remains incomplete. Recent research suggests that DNA methylation, a system of gene silencing heritable across cell divisions, may serve as a...

Usability evaluation is an important and strategic activity in software projects (IEEE Computer Society, 2004). Its relevance had been recognized in the context of the user (Lindgaard & Chattratichart, 2007) and the software organization (Bak et al., 2008). However, several studies had identified important obstacles to its applicacion in software developement process (Bak et al., 2008; Ardito e...

Melanoma is an invasive and malignant form of skin cancer (Besaratinia and Pfeifer, 2008). It originates from melanocytes, which reside in the epidermal layer of the skin. Besides the skin, melanoma’s rapidly proliferative and aggressive nature leads to its manifestation in internal organs such as brain, lung and liver (Franco-Lie et al., 2011; Lejeune et al., 1992). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation ...

Ranaviruses negatively impact amphibian populations throughout the world and have been associated with population fluctuations and mass mortality events (Collins and Storfer, 2003; Daszak et al., 2003). Amphibian ranaviruses infect multiple species, with host susceptibility differing among species and developmental stages (Brunner et al., 2005; Duffus et al., 2008; Gray et al., 2007; Robert et ...

Paks4, along with Paks5, and 6 are members of the group B family of p21-activated kinases (Paks). The Paks play multiple different roles in controlling cell morphology, cell growth, proliferation, and signaling. Pak4 has essential roles in embryonic development (Qu et al., 2003), but in adults high levels of Pak4 are frequently associated with cancer. Pak4 has been implicated in several types o...

Heterosis, one of the most important biological phenomena, refers to the phenotypic superiority of a hybrid over its genetically diverse parents with respect to many traits such as biomass, growth rate and yield. Despite its successful application in breeding and agronomic production of many crop and animal varieties, the molecular basis of heterosis remains elusive. The classic genetic explana...