The P(II) family of signal transduction proteins are among the most widely distributed signal proteins in the bacterial world. First identified in 1969 as a component of the glutamine synthetase regulatory apparatus, P(II) proteins have since been recognized as playing a pivotal role in control of prokaryotic nitrogen metabolism. More recently, members of the family have been found in higher pl...

Sırbistan’da Prens Milan Obrenoviç’in hükümranlığı sırasında patlak veren Hersek İsyanı önemli sonuçlar doğurmuştur. Ağustos 1875’te iktidara savaş hükümeti gelmiştir ki bu savaşçı atmosferin bir sonucu idi. Liberaller yanlısı iken, Sırp Prensi Obrenoviç ve muhafazakârlar buna karşıydı. Sırbistan’ın Bosna-Hersek’teki yurttaşlarına yardım edip etmeyeceği Osmanlı Devleti ile savaşın olup olmayaca...

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) govern a daunting number of physiological processes. For such proteins, molecular mechanisms governing their interactions with proteins involved in signal transduction pathways remain unclear. Using the folded, calcium-loaded calmodulin (CaM) interaction with the calcineurin regulatory IDP as a pr...

The activity of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) isoform of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger in the brush-border membrane of the renal proximal tubule is tightly regulated. Recent biochemical and cellular experiments have established the essential requirement for a new class of regulatory factors, sodium/hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) and NHERF-like proteins, in cAMP-mediated i...

Exactly 50 years ago, biochemists raised the question of the mechanism of the conformational change that mediates "allosteric" interactions between regulatory sites and biologically active sites in regulatory/receptor proteins. Do the different conformations involved already exist spontaneously in the absence of the regulatory ligands (Monod-Wyman-Changeux), such that the complementary protein ...

Recently the generally accepted roles of protein-bound zinc in catalysis and structure stabilization were complemented by regulatory functions. An important question with respect to a regulatory function, however, concerns the controversially discussed concentration of free zinc ions in different physiological environments. If the transduction of a zinc signal is mediated by binding of zinc ion...

GTPases are a universally conserved class of regulatory proteins involved in such diverse cellular functions as signal transduction, translation, cytoskeleton formation, and intracellular transport. GTPases are also required for ribosome assembly in eukaryotes and bacteria, where they present themselves as possible regulatory molecules. Strikingly, in bacteria they represent the largest class o...

To survive and reproduce, a cell must process information from its environment own internal state respond accordingly, in terms of metabolic activity, gene expression, movement, growth, division differentiation. These signal–response decisions are made by complex networks interacting genes proteins, which function as biochemical switches clocks, other recognizable information-processing circuit...