Tropospheric aerosols are important components of the earth–atmosphere–ocean system, affecting climate through three primary mechanisms. First, direct radiative forcing results when radiation is scattered or absorbed by the aerosol itself. Scattering of shortwave radiation enhances the radiation reflected back to space, therefore increasing the reflectance (albedo) of the earth and cooling the ...

1. introduction the process by which the net radiation is transformed to the atmospheric dynamical energy, occur to a large degree at the interface between the surface and the atmosphere. as the driving force for such process, an accurate estimation of the net radiation at the earth’s surface is a necessary input for surface process models. net radiation is a key component in the surface radiat...

A large number of perturbed-physics simulations of the HadAM3 atmospheric model were compared with the CERES (Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System) estimates of Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and Reflected Shortwave Radiation (RSR) as well as OLR and RSR from the earlier ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment) estimates. The model configurations were produced from several independent op...

Abstract. Condensation trails (“contrails”) which form behind aircraft are estimated to cause on the order of 50 % total climate forcing aviation, matching impact all accumulated aviation-attributable CO2. The impacts these contrails highly uncertain, in part due effect overlap between and other cloud layers. Although literature estimates suggest that could change even sign contrail radiative (...

The present work examines the change in color reflection in psychogenic pain in patients with somatoform disorders (SFD) during psychotherapeutic treatment, for which empatho-techniques were used. At the start and end of the course the psychophysiological condition was determined according to psychological parameters and assessment of bioelectrical brain activity. All initial indicators for the...

The uncertainties related to atmospheric fields in the Arctic Ocean from commonly used and recently available reanalysis products are investigated. Fields from the 1) ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERAInterim), 2) Common Ocean–Ice Reference Experiment version 2 (CORE2), 3) Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis Project (JRA-25), 4) NCEP–NCAR reanalysis, 5) NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and 6) ...

The Arctic sea ice retreat has accelerated over the last decade. The negative trend is largest in summer, but substantial interannual variability still remains. Here we explore observed atmospheric conditions and feedback mechanisms during summer months of anomalous sea ice melt in the Arctic. Compositing months of anomalous low and high sea ice melt over 1979–2013, we find distinct patterns in...

This paper describes the simulation of the earth radiation budget (ERB) as viewed by Triana and the development of correction models for converting Trianaviewed radiances into a complete ERB. A full range of Triana views and global radiation fields are simulated using a combination of datasets from ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment) and ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Pro...