in this paper for calculating policy analysis matrix parameters, with regard to real or shadow prices, we pay attention to variation of endogenous variables, using results of cge  model. the results of the study indicated that,in output market, because of government policies, there are implicit tax on products of iran;s auto industry. but inputs of auto industry, benefits from government subsid...

banks are one of the most important financial sectors in order to the economic development of each country. certainly, efficiency scores and ranks of banks are significant and effective aspects towards future planning. sometimes the performance of banks must be measured in the presence of undesirable and vague factors. for these reasons in the current paper a procedure based on data envelopment...

quality are not bought and sold in traditional markets. A simple price variable, for example, representing the costs of reducing runoff does not exist. Instead, economists have developed the notion of “shadow prices” that can be estimated from production and environmental data that give either the value of a non-marketable “good,” such as a unit of indigenous nitrogen in the soil, or the abatem...

Resource allocation decisions are crucial for the success of an organization. This paper proposes an integrated approach to resource allocation problems, in which decision makers have one observation of the multiple input-output criteria of candidates. We offer important improvements over existing approaches based on the widely used data envelopment analysis (DEA), which has two major limitatio...

Energy poverty can be understood as the inability of a household to secure a socially and materially necessitated level of energy services in the home. While the condition is widespread across Europe, its spatial and social distribution is highly uneven. In this paper, the existence of a geographical energy poverty divide in the European Union (EU) provides a starting point for conceptualizing ...

It is a pleasure to be invited to discuss this rich paper by Jeffrey Frankel and Andrew Rose. After the events of the past few years, with a range of commodity prices exhibiting great volatility, it is not hard to motivate Frankel and Rose’s choice of topic, seen from either a longor medium-term perspective. The authors use annual data, mainly in a panel context, to examine the relationship bet...

Malta, like many other countries, is faced with the problem of sustaining the coverage and quality of the services offered by its public health system in the face of a rapid rise in health care costs. Within this context, local public health services must undergo the necessary transformation in order to meet future needs, expectations and demands of health care consumers. The aim of this paper ...