Scholarly research on shabih’khani, the Iranian traditional performance generally known as ta’ziyeh, has frequently portrayed creators of this theatrical form religious devotees with little or no knowledge and expertise. Yet, newly discovered manuscripts from Qajar era (1789 to 1925 CE/1168 1304 SH) contain annotations stage directions that can be interpreted directorial notes dramaturgical enh...

Introduction Intra-articular corticosteroid injection (IASI), a common procedure in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), is usually associated with anxiety and pain. In previous study we concluded that nitrous oxide (NO) provides effective and safe sedation for such procedures. The efficacy in reducing pain was associated with the level of the child’s anxiety even before starting the procedure....

qajar period is recognized as a time of significant changes in persian arts. perhaps the most obvious change was the influence of european arts especially on architecture, painting as well as pottery. however after safavid period as to several inside and outside factors, amongst them vast importation of porcelain wares, iran was faced with stagnation of pottery’s art but this doesn’t mean the a...

the public bathhouses are included in buildings as public utilities that have been expanded throughout islamic realm by arising islamic religion that cleaning is the preamble for most of its rites. unfortunately, from the beginning of islamic period until 8th hegira century (15th ad century) no stable sample of public bathhouses remained in iran, but many public bathhouses have still remained f...

in persian society, illustrators and skilled portraitists developed a particular method of painting in qajar era, a period in which artwork and historical treasures can be considered among the best, especially in painting and they reflect the tastes of kings and social circumstances of that time. one of the best works of that time is illustrated pen cases created mainly in tehran, shiraz and is...