AimTo compare the changes in HbA1c, effect on body weight or both combined after addition of a DPP-4i, SGLT-2i, sulfonylureas (SU) to metformin real-world condition.MethodsWe used primary care SIDIAP database. The included subjects were matched by propensity score according baseline age, sex, weight, inclusion date, diabetes duration, and kidney function.ResultsMean absolute HbA1c reduction was...

This work provides evidence of previously unrecognized uptake of glucose via sodium-coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs) in specific regions of the brain. The current understanding of functional glucose utilization in brain is largely based on studies using positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose (2-FDG). However, 2-FDG is only a good substrat...

Let n be a positive integer. We may write (or split) n as sums of n nonincreasing nonnegative integers p1, p2, . . . , pn in different ways (or partitions; see Section 2). For example, 3 = 3 + 0 + 0 = 2 + 1 + 0 = 1 + 1 + 1. If we denote by P (n) the number of different partitions of n, then P (3) = 3. One may check that P (5) = 7. As n gets large, P (n) increases rapidly. It is astounding that ...

The article by Raut and Maheshwari[1] is indeed interesting. However, the suggestion made by the authors on the usefulness of empagliflozin in diabetic perioperative patients needs contemplation from the point of patient safety and risk factors, as it causes euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis. Moreover, in May 2015, the Food and Drug Administration issued a warning of ketoacidosis with the use o...

In the March issue of Diabetes, there is a very interesting article by Jurczak et al. (1) about glucose homeostasis and b-cell function in mice with a deletion in SGLT-2. There is also an accompanying editorial by Ferrannini (2) that is appropriately laudatory to the article but there are some extraordinary comments including, “Collectively, these findings prove that reduced SGLT-2 activity—whe...

INTRODUCTION In Japan, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are frequently used as the treatment of choice for patients with type 2 diabetes. In some cases, however, poor glycaemic and body weight control issues persist despite treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors. Previous researchers have revealed that sodium-dependent glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors reduce both plasma glucose level...

Optimal power allocation for maximizing the sum capacity of multiple access channel (MAC) with quality-of-service (QoS) constraints is investigated in this paper. Majorization theory is the underlying mathematical theory on which our method hinges. It is shown that the optimal structure of the solution can be easily obtained via majorization theory. Furthermore, based on our new approach, an ef...

In this paper, we obtain Markovian bounds on a function of a homogeneous discrete time Markov chain. For deriving such bounds, we use well known results on stochastic majorization of Markov chains and the Rogers-Pitman’s lumpability criterion. The proposed method of comparison between functions of Markov chains is not equivalent to generalized coupling method of Markov chains although we obtain...

We study universal uncertainty relations and present a method called joint probability distribution diagram to improve the majorization bounds constructed independently in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 230401 (2013)] and [J. Phys. A. 46, 272002 (2013)]. The results give rise to state independent uncertainty relations satisfied by any nonnegative Schur-concave functions. On the other hand, a remarkable...