In English text, independent clauses should be demarcated with full-stops (periods), or linked together with conjunctions. Non-native speakers are often prone to linking them improperly with commas instead of conjunctions, producing comma splices. This paper describes a method to detect comma splices using Conditional Random Fields (CRF), with features derived from parse tree patterns. In exper...

While the field of grammatical error detection has progressed over the past few years, one area of particular difficulty for both native and non-native learners of English, comma placement, has been largely ignored. We present a system for comma error correction in English that achieves an average of 89% precision and 25% recall on two corpora of unedited student essays. This system also achiev...

A tuple (or n-tuple, for any integer n) is an interpretation of a list of n variables. It is thus a meta-function from a finite meta-set, to the universe. Tuples of a given kind (list of variables with their types) can be added to any theory as a new type of objects, whose variables are meant as abbreviations of packs of n variables (copies of the list with the same old types) x = (x0, · · · , ...