1. Plants interact with many organisms, such as microbes and herbivores, and these interactions are likely to affect the establishment and spread of plants. In the context of plant invasions, mycorrhizal fungi and constitutive and induced resistance of plants against herbivores have received attention independently of each other. However, plants are frequently involved in complex multi-trophic ...

We report here on the results of a procedure for the determination of amphetamine drugs in hair. The procedure is simple and sensitive. The results from the procedure using small-volume extraction matches perfectly with those either from using the derivatization method or selected ion monitoring (SIM) detection. We validated our method using four different amine drugs, including amphetamine, me...

Samples were selected at two different times. At first sampling, populations were from staff nurses who were just classified as N1, N2, N3 and N4 level according to the clinical ladder system. Samples were randomly selected from N1 and N2, N3 level subjects and N4 subjects were all selected as samples. Sample sizes were 416, and 321 questionnaires returned were usable. At second sampling, popul...

A rapid and sensitive analytical method using pentafluorothiophenol (PFTP) derivatization was applied to detect diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) in water. In this study, the optimum derivatization conditions, such as acid concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature, were investigated to develop a suitable procedure for DPAA determination. After extracting the derivatives into benzene, the ...

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