Over the last 20 years, aortic stiffness has emerged as an important, independent predictor of cardiovascular outcome. Recent data suggest that it may add to existing risk prediction models and improve patient stratification. However, the precise biological pathways and processes underlying aortic stiffening remain unclear. A better understanding of these is an important prerequisite for the ra...

Life is evolutionarily the most complex of the emergent symmetry-breaking, macroscopically organized dynamic structures in the Universe. Members of this cascading series of disequilibria-converting systems, or engines in Cottrell's terminology, become ever more complicated-more chemical and less physical-as each engine extracts, exploits and generates ever lower grades of energy and resources i...