Background & Aim: Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn] is an annual or biennial plant, native to the Mediterranean area, which has spread in north and south of Iran. A fruit of milk thistle contains a relatively high amount (approx. 20%) of oil, which exhibits wound-healing, anti-burn, and hepatoprotective properties. Experimental: In this research, a pot experiment wa...

I. Introduction Understanding the origin of magnetic fields in cosmic and laser produced plasmas has been of great theoretical as well as experimental interest [1–3]. The generation of seed magnetic fields in the early universe is a long-standing mystery in astrophysics. A very weak magnetic field (typically of the order of one to thirty microgauss) in the early universe has been of much intere...

Growth of the maize (Zea mays) endosperm is tightly regulated by maternal zygotic and sporophytic genes, some of which are subject to a parent-of-origin effect. We report here a novel gene, maternally expressed gene1 (meg1), which shows a maternal parent-of-origin expression pattern during early stages of endosperm development but biallelic expression at later stages. Interestingly, a stable re...

R eproductive success in seed plants depends on a healthy seed set. The viability of the embryo is enhanced if a seed contains substantial reserves of starch and protein to nourish the seedling when it germinates months or years later in uncertain conditions. Increased reserves will generally result in an increased seed size, but large seeds are less efficiently dispersed, unless there is human...

A seed shadow is the spatial pattern of seed distribution relative to parent trees and other conspecifics; it results from the process of seed dispersal and represents the starting template for plant regeneration. Janzen (1970) and Connell (1971) consider it the population recruitment surface. For animal-dispersed, endozoochorous species the seed shadow results primarily from movement patterns ...

We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate coherence phenomena in optical parametric amplification inside a cavity. The mode splitting in the transmission spectra of a phase-sensitive optical parametric amplifier is observed. Especially, we show that a very narrow dip and peak, which are the shape of a delta function, appear in the transmission profile. The origin of the coherence phenomen...

Introduction Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) or simply ambrosia is an annual shrub of North American origin. It has been present in Europe since ~1860 (HEGI, 1908) arriving probably through polluted clover seed grains and hay and straw from North America. Highly infested regions in Europe are the French Rhone valley, the Italian Po valley and some former Yugoslavian states, as well ...

medicago spp. is the most important forage crop in many regions of the world.annual medics have distinct advantages over perennial medicago. these species have fastergrowth rate in cultivation year, higher crude protein percentage, tolerance to pests and morevigorous seedlings. morphological and physical aspects of pod and seeds of annual medicsplay a major role in the tolerance of the plants t...

Pollination is an important physiological process during which interaction between pollen and pistil occurs. This interaction could determine whether or not fertilization will occur and hence the ratio of plant seed setting. Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. (L. chinense) exhibits a distinct phenomenon where seed setting ratio is not more than 10% in natural environment. To explore the origi...