Britain was the exemplar of electricity market reform, demonstrating the importance of ownership unbundling and workable competition in generation and supply. Privatisation created de facto duopolies that supported increasing price-cost margins and induced excessive (English) entry. Concentration was ended by trading horizontal for vertical integration in subsequent mergers. Competition arrived...

Background This paper presents findings from a study which sought to understand why health workers working under the results-based financing (RBF) arrangements in Zimbabwe reported being satisfied with the improvements in working conditions and compensation, but paradoxically reported lower motivation levels compared to those not working under RBF arrangements.   Methods...

Abstract The first part of this article considers whether a system-neutral meaning title transfer financial collateral arrangement (TTFSA) can be identified in the EU Collateral Directive. This looks at similar issue—it security (SFCA) Financial Arrangement It is argued that definition SFCA Directive based on assumption there specific organizing principle or concept makes it easy to clearly ide...

The 4th Global Food Security conference highlighted four major developments: the shift from food security to systems; a focus on diets and consumption patterns; importance of unknown futures inherent uncertainties risks; central role multi-level connections between local- global-oriented research. These shifts highlight for research contribute dialogue collective intelligence through evidence-b...

on one hand, iran due to the low annual rainfall and lack of appropriate spatial and temporal distribution in precipitation is considered as an arid and semi-arid country experiencing stress and water scarcity; on the other hand, 90% of annual water consumption has been allocated to agriculture sector in iran and efficiency and productivity of water consumption do not enjoy favorable status in ...

This article tests the thesis of clarity responsibility, present in theory economic voting, through an analysis public security. It seeks to measure how presidential approval Latin America is affected by perceptions insecurity and experiences crime victimization. Using multilevel models, we also consider different institutional arrangements for security based on constitutional assignment respon...

In developed countries, social security covers workers and their dependents against old age, unemployment, health, and other risks. In developing countries, formalsector workers have access to social insurance, and the very poor have some access to social assistance and health services, but large population groups are not covered. Extending social security coverage would require delinking socia...

OBJECTIVE The present paper analyses the advances and challenges of the school feeding programme in Brazil (PNAE), as part of the Brazilian experience building up an integrated food and nutrition security national system. It explores the role of policy and regulatory frameworks in constructing quality service delivery and intersectoral integration. DESIGN Review of PNAE and federal government...