background & aims of the study: corrosion and scaling play undesirable effects on transmission and distribution system of drinking water. the aim of this study was to assess the corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water resources in babol city, iran. materials and methods: totally, 54 water samples were collected from 27 wells in spring and autumn. calcium hardness, ph, total alkalinity...

The self-organising map (SOM) and its variant, visualisation induced SOM (ViSOM), have been known to yield similar results to multidimensional scaling (MDS). However, the exact connection has not been established. In this paper, a review on the SOM and its cost function and topological measures is provided first. We then examine the exact scaling effect of the SOM and ViSOM from their objective...

Properties of low-variability periods in the time series are analysed. The theoretical approach is used to show the relationship between the multi-scaling of low-variability periods and multi-affinity of the time series. It is shown that this technically simple method is capable of reveling more details about time series than the traditional multi-affine analysis. We have applied this scaling a...

Section 1 (Sec.1): Scaling factors Notes to Table 2: derivations of formulas to calculate predicted values of algebraicallyderived scaling factors Tables of empirically-derived scaling factors (for A, y, and ky ) and their confidence intervals Table S1.1: bA for broad interspecific sample (used in calculating predictions) Table S1.2: by for largest available sample (used in calculating predicti...

In animals, scaling relationships between appendages and body size exhibit high interspecific variation but low intraspecific variation. This pattern could result from natural selection for specific allometries or from developmental constraints on patterns of differential growth. We performed artificial selection on the allometry between forewing area and body size in a butterfly to test for de...

Metric Scaling is a well{known method to represent a nite set with respect to a given Euclidean distance matrix. Several methods to represent rows and columns of a two{way contingency table are available: Correspondence Analysis, Dual Scaling, Canonical Coordinates, etc. We show that metric scaling provides a similar representation by using Hellinger or Rao distances together with Gower's add{a...

Properties of low-variability periods in the time series are analysed. The theoretical approach is used to show the relationship between the multi-scaling of low-variability periods and multi-affinity of the time series. It is shown that this technically simple method is capable of reveling more details about time-series than the traditional multi-affine analysis. We have applied this scaling a...

abstract scaling methods, which are based on similar media theory, are used to simplify the statistic description of soil spatial variations. to simulate the water flow in heterogeneous soils, simultaneous scaling of soil hydraulic functions, including soil water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions, is highly desirable. in the similar media theory, the simultaneous scalin...

*Correspondence: Juan Bueno, Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Avda. Príncipe de Asturias 70 bis, Gijón 33212, Spain e-mail: [email protected] †Present address: Juan Bueno, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal A curvilinear relationship between mammalian metabolic rate and body size on a lo...

The relationship between M0 and the rupture duration is often difficult to establish. This is particularly true for large earthquakes for which the moment rate functions (MRF) generally have complicated shapes, and the estimated durations can vary considerably depending on the methodology used to evaluate the MRF. In this work, we show that the centroid time-delay (τc) provides an alternative d...