15 During the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull on Iceland in April/May 2010, air traffic over Europe 16 was repeatedly interrupted because of volcanic ash in the atmosphere. This completely 17 unusual situation in Europe leads to the demand of improved crisis management, e.g. 18 European wide regulations of volcanic ash thresholds and improved forecasts of theses 19 thresholds. However, the quality...

[1] Water is the dominant component of volcanic gas emissions, and water phase transformations, including the formation of ice, can be significant in the dynamics of volcanic clouds. The effectiveness of volcanic ash particles as ice-forming nuclei (IN) is poorly understood and the sparse data that exist for volcanic ash IN have been interpreted in the context of meteorological, rather than vol...

Observations of interspecies interactions during volcanic activity provide important opportunities to study how organisms respond to environmental devastation. Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica L.) and its main avian pollinator, the Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonica), offer an excellent example of such an interaction as key members of the biotic community on Miyake-jima, which erupted i...

Several processes have been proposed as triggering mechanisms for the large sector collapses that affect most volcanoes, and which may occur several times in volcano's lifetime. Here we present discuss case of Tutupaca volcano, located southern Peru part Central Volcanic Zone Andes. is composed an old, hydrothermally altered highly eroded Basal edifice, well younger twin peaks northern complex ...

Volcanic eruptions of gassy magmas on Earth, Venus, and Mars produce plumes with markedly different fluid dynamics regimes. In large part the differences are caused by the differing atmospheric pressures and ratios of volcanic vent pressure to atmospheric pressure. For each of these planets, numerical simulations of an eruption of magma containing 4 weight percent gas were run on a workstation....

Multivariate methods were applied to denoise the gravity and geomagnetic signals continuously recorded by the permanent monitoring networks on the Etna volcano. Gravity and geomagnetic signals observed in volcanic areas are severely influenced by meteorological variables (i.e. pressure, temperature and humidity), whose disturbances can make the detection of volcanic source effects more difficul...

A complex thermodynamic–microphysical package has been formulated that is able to deal with the microphysical processes of condensed water vapour in a volcanic plume. The microphysics follows a prognostic bulk approach for cloud water, cloud ice, rain and graupel and the interaction between them. In a standard experiment, this module, applied within a Ž . new nonhydrostatic volcano plume model,...