A minor-closed class of graphs is a set of labelled graphs which is closed under isomorphism and under taking minors. For a minor-closed class G, we let gn be the number of graphs in G which have n vertices. A recent result of Norine et al. [12] shows that for all minor-closed class G, there is a constant c such that gn ≤ c nn!. Our main results show that the growth rate of gn is far from arbit...

Background and objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a neurodegenerative disorder is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. According to the amyloid hypothesis, accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, which are mostly constituted of Aβ peptide aggregates, triggers pathological cascades that lead to neuronal cell death. Thus, modulation of Aβ toxicity is the hopef...

The. inbred NZB/BL mouse has been shown by Bielschowsky, Helyer, and Howie (1959) to develop auto-immune haemolytic anaemia spontaneously, and this disorder has been considered to be genetically determined (Holmes and Burnet, 1966). Burnet and Holmes (1962) described a characteristic thymic change in this 'auto-immune' strain of mice; and certain renal lesions have been noted (Holmes and Burnet...

Since the introduction of the "self-marker" hypothesis of antihody production by Burnet and Fenner (1949) and the experiments of Billingham, Brent and Medawar (1953) on the production of actively acquired tolerance in mice to skin homografts from a different strain, there has been a great deal of interest in the immunological behaviour of animals exposed in utero to a variety of antigens. Burne...

Romance has for some time been a term of dubious associations. In the seventeenth century, Thomas Burnet decried those critics who would call his Theory of the Earth a ‘Philosophik Romance’; in the eighteenth century, Buffon did just that, and before too long, his theory of the Earth was the subject of the same epithet. By 1780, the early days of the era of Romanticism (so early that it was not...

ZYM-201 is a methyl ester of triterpenoid glycoside from Sanguisorba officinalis which has been used for treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases. In this study, immunomodulatory effects of ZYM-201 on B cells were examined in vitro and in vivo. When splenocytes were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major population which had shown an increase in cell numbers was B cells. How...

Lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and the protease prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) have been proposed as targets for the treatment of cognitive disturbances such as dementia. In this study, nine triterpenoids isolated from the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis, including arjunic acid (1), rosamultic acid (2), haptadienic acid (3), 1β-hydroxyeuscaphic acid (4), euscaphic acid (5), torm...

Ziyuglycoside II is an active compound of Sanguisorba officinalis L. that has anti-inflammation, antioxidation, antibiosis, and homeostasis properties. We report here on the anticancer effect of ziyuglycoside II on human gastric carcinoma BGC-823 cells. We investigated the effects of ziyuglycoside II on cell growth, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis of this cell line. Our results revealed that ziy...