A good estimate of the design effect is critical for calculating the most efficient sample size for cluster surveys. We reviewed the design effects for seven nutrition and health outcomes from nine population-based cluster surveys conducted in emergency settings. Most of the design effects for outcomes in children, and one-half of the design effects for crude mortality, were below two. A reasse...

BACKGROUND Cluster-randomized trials, in which health interventions are allocated randomly to intact clusters or communities rather than to individual subjects, are increasingly being used to evaluate disease control strategies both in industrialized and in developing countries. Sample size computations for such trials need to take into account between-cluster variation, but field epidemiologis...

BACKGROUND Random errors in measurement of a risk factor will introduce downward bias of an estimated association to a disease or a disease marker. This phenomenon is called regression dilution bias. A bias correction may be made with data from a validity study or a reliability study. AIMS AND METHODS In this article we give a non-technical description of designs of reliability studies with e...

This study investigated how the Talking Chips Technique can help students to improve their speaking. The sample of this study was only one class and total number of students was 36 students. This study used a quasi experimental design and three data collection, i.e. note taking, participant observation, and speaking test. The data from observation were analyzed by using thematic analysis and ba...

Aims: Patients who are hospitalized in coronary care unit are at risk for hemodynamic instability secondary to anxiety and stress. Aromatherapy may have positive effects on hemodynamic status and can help reduce blood pressure and heart rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lavender aromatherapy on hemodynamic indices among patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods: ...

The objective of this study was to see the effect of lip morphology in the study sample presenting with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion on normal skeletal pattern. This cross sectional study comprised 50 subjects having bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion on class I skeletal pattern. Age of the subjects ranged from 18-25 years. The sampling comprised random selection of the subjects. The ...

A pilot study asks whether something can be done, should the researchers proceed with it, and if so, how. However, a pilot study also has a specific design feature; it is conducted on a smaller scale than the main or full-scale study. In other words, the pilot study is important for improvement of the quality and efficiency of the main study. In addition, it is conducted in order to assess the ...

The aim of this study was the effectiveness of behavioral couple’s therapy to reduce domestic violence in women substance abusers. The design of this study was experimental with pre-test, pos-ttest and fallow up with control group. The study included all couples that had referred to Cessation clinic for substance abuse in Ahvaz city that among them 20 couples were selected and randomly di...

This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non Performing Loan (NPL) on Profitability (ROA) with Efficiency (BOPO) as Intervening Variable, in conventional commercial banks Indonesia listed the Stock Exchange period (2016). -2020). Sampling using purposive sampling method criteria that bank has a complete published report 2016-2020, and non-negative...

O ver the centuries, physicians have conceptualized cancer in many ways. Hippocrates viewed it as a malfunction of black bile. In India it was treated as an imbalance of Ayurvedic principles of dosha. Modern medicine has viewed cancer in terms of genetic mutations. Now some researchers are saying we should step back and view cancer through the lens of evolution and ecology to better understand ...