OBJECTIVES The objectives of this research are to conceptualize the Bicycle Safety Index (BSI) that considers all parts of the street and to propose a universal guideline with microscale details. METHOD A point system method comparing existing safety facilities to a defined standard is proposed to estimate the BSI. Two streets in Singapore and Malaysia are chosen to examine this model. RESU...

BACKGROUND Neighborhood attractiveness and safety may encourage physical activity and help individuals maintain a healthy weight. However, these neighborhood characteristics may not be equally relevant to health across all settings and population subgroups. PURPOSE To evaluate whether potentially attractive neighborhood features are associated with lower BMI, whether safety hazards are associ...

Safety case development is not a post-development activity, rather it should occur throughout the system development lifecycle. The key components in a safety case are safety arguments. Too often, safety arguments are constructed without proper reasoning. Inappropriate reasoning in safety arguments could undermine a system’s safety claims, which in turn contributes to safety-related failures of...

For any software system upon which lives depend, the most important question one can ask about it is, ‘How do we know the system is safe?’ Despite the critical importance of this question, no widely accepted, generally applicable answer exists. Instead, debate continues to rage over the question, with theorists and practitioners quarrelling with each other and amongst themselves. This paper sug...

In this paper a knowledge-based clustered partitioning technique is developed for determining reliability index and failure probability of rock wedge. Here, the a reliability index is analyzed and the optimization is carried out using a knowledge-based clustered partitioning (KCP) technique. The reliability index computed with this KCP technique is compared with those using other approaches suc...

We present a Theory of Objects based on the original functional ςcalculus by Abadi and Cardelli [1] but with an additional parameter to methods. We prove confluence of the operational semantics following the outline of Nipkow’s proof of confluence for the λ-calculus reusing his general Commutation.thy [4] a generic diamond lemma reduction. We furthermore formalize a simple type system for our ς...

It has been repeatedly suggested that the common cause-and-effect approach to evaluating process safety has deficiencies that could be addressed by a systems engineering perspective. A systems approach should consider safety as a system-wide property and thus would be required to integrate all aspects of the process involved with monitoring or manipulating the process dynamics, including the co...

There are many tourism cities in China and sustainable development of urban tourism has become an important field of tourism research. An ecological safety evaluation index system of tourism city was constructed. The evaluation index system was composed of resource, environmental, economic and social subsystem. Classification standard of evaluation indexes was discussed. Then an evaluation mode...

Step-indexed semantic models of types were proposed as an alternative to purely syntactic proofs of type safety using subject reduction. Building on work by Ahmed, Appel and others, we introduce a step-indexed model for the imperative object calculus of Abadi and Cardelli. Providing a semantic account of this calculus using more ‘traditional’, domain-theoretic approaches has proved challenging ...