The United States and its allies invaded Iraq in 2003 with the declared intention of removing Saddam Hussein’s regime. Although it was determined after the war that Iraq did not possess weapons of mass destruction (WMD), removing a regime believed to be in possession of WMD raises the possibility that the post-9/11 US security policy is more willing than previously believed to tolerate the risk...

Britain has a relatively good track record in counterinsurgency (COIN).1 But as one journalist commented in 2008: “the war in Iraq has been one of the most disastrous wars ever fought by Britain. It has been small, but we achieved nothing.”2 Although this view can be contested, it is clear that, if judged in terms of the original aim, Britain’s achievements fell far short of expectations set in...

This article examines the rise and fall of the Peace Process and questions the reason for which the United States of America was successful in bringing the two sides to the negotiating table during the 1990s. It investigates the reason for which the process ultimately failed, as well as the reason for which Washingtonwas unsuccessful in restarting the peace process in the past decade. It is arg...

Chemical weapons have given the human experience of warfare a uniquely terrifying quality that has inspired a general repugnance and led to periodic attempts to ban their use. Nevertheless, since ancient times, toxic agents have been consistently employed to kill and terrorize target populations. The evolution of these weapons is examined here in ways that may allow military, law enforcement, a...

20. yüzyıl dünyada çok önemli olayların yaşandığı bir dönem olmuştur. İran- Irak Savaşı’ da Orta Doğu dengelerinde iz bırakan mühim savaşlardan biridir. Sebebini sınır anlaşmazlıkları, su sorunları, terör ve birçok unsur etkilemektedir. Bu savaş sekiz yıl sürmüştür. Ekonomik siyasi açıdan yıpranmalara yol açmıştır. makalede İran-Irak Savaşı’nın nedenleri, gelişmeleri sonucu ele alınmıştır. Türk...

The current but inconsistent upheaval in the Middle East suggests variations in what will topple regimes, and thus in how regimes have laid the groundwork to remain in power. This thesis examines variation in a social condition, relative dominance of a ruling ethnic group in a multi-ethnic society, as the source for systematic variations in how a mono-ethnic regime will justify its rule to the ...

4 he above citation, taken from Presidential Decision Directive 62 signed in May 1998, foresaw the potential that unconventional methods of warfare could be used against our Homeland. Although much has changed since publication of this document to address vulnerabilities, the threat remains for adversaries to attack our Nation, interests and military forces by unconventional or asymmetric appro...

Iraq’s economy has undergone a number of profound changes over the last several decades, many of which have had significant implications for the manner in which the country’s informal economy has evolved. The statist, heavy-handed economic policies of the Ba'athist government concentrated much of Iraq’s productive capacity in nationalized factors, which degraded under the sanctions regime of th...

T he Oil-For-Food program was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 986 in 1995 as a means of providing humanitarian relief to Iraq, which had been under U.N. economic sanctions since the Persian Gulf War in 1991. The Oil-For-Food program was divided into six-month phases and required renewal by the Security Council at each phase. The first phase lasted from December 1996 to...

This chapter examines a new class of markets at the intersection of trad· itional betting and traditional financial markets. We call these 'prediction markets'. Like both financial and betting markets, prediction markets focus on uncertain outcomes and involve trading in risks. Prices from these markets establish forecasts about the probabilities, mean and median outcomes, and correlations amon...