Following chronic sacral spinal cord transection in rats the affected tail muscles exhibit marked spasticity, with characteristic long-lasting tail spasms evoked by mild stimulation. The purpose of the present paper was to characterize the long-lasting reflex seen in tail muscles in response to electrical stimulation of the tail nerves in the awake spastic rat, including its development with ti...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to develop a method for standard laparoscopic access to the pudendal nerve in pigs to implant an electrode for chronic neuromodulation studies. METHODS Using routine laparoscopic surgical techniques, the pudendal nerve was located in 10 female pigs using standardized anatomical landmarks. A tined lead electrode was placed in parallel to the exposed pudendal n...

a recorded nerve signal via an electrode is composed of many evokes or action potentials, (originated from individual axons) which may be considered as different initial sources. recovering these primitive sources in its turn may lead us to the anatomic originations of a nerve signal which will give us outstanding foresights in neural rehabilitations. accordingly, clinical interests may be r...

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) therapy has revolutionized the management of many forms of anal incontinence, with an expanded use and a medium-term efficacy of 75% overall. This review discusses the technique of SNM therapy, along with its complications and troubleshooting and a discussion of the early data pertaining to peripheral posterior tibial nerve stimulation in incontinent patients. Futur...

OBJECTIVE To report our experience with endopelvic causes for sacral radiculopathies and sciatica. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Tertiary referral advanced laparoscopic gynecology and neuropelveologic unit. PATIENT(S) Two hundred thirteen women who underwent laparoscopic management of sacral radiculopathy (sciatica, pudendal, gluteal pain) of unknown genesis in the period betwe...

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) therapy has revolutionized the management of many forms of anal incontinence, with an expanded use and a medium-term efficacy of 75% overall. This review discusses the technique of SNM therapy, along with its complications and troubleshooting and a discussion of the early data pertaining to peripheral posterior tibial nerve stimulation in incontinent patients. Futur...

Sacral stimulation is a well-established therapy for urologic neuromodulation. After the advent of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation, pain surgeons have started to reach this target mostly pelvic and sacral pain. For those without good surgical experience, foramen puncture, especially S3 S4, can be challenge, due its entry angle limited C-arm image resolution. In report, we describe new te...

Neurogenic bladder resulting from spinal cord injury and spina bifida has a profound impact on voiding function. This article reviews the current literature with regards to electrical stimulation for neurogenic bladder and the clinical outcomes associated with sacral neuromodulation, pudendal neuromodulation, posterior tibial nerve stimulation, and the Finetech-Brindley posterior/anterior stimu...