The ultimate response to directional selection (i.e., the selection limit) under recurrent mutation is analyzed by a diffusion approximation for a population in which there are k possible alleles at a locus. The limit mainly depends on two scaled parameters S (= 4Ns sigma a) and theta (= 4Nu) and k, the number of alleles, where N is the effective population size, u is the mutation rate, s is th...

Balancing selection can maintain different alleles over long evolutionary times. Beyond this direct effect on the molecular targets of selection, balancing selection is also expected to increase neutral polymorphism in linked genome regions, in inverse proportion to their genetic map distances from the selected sites. The genes controlling plant self-incompatibility are subject to one of the st...

We consider an asexual biological population of constant size N evolving in discrete time under the influence of selection and mutation. Beneficial mutations appear at rate U and their selective effects s are drawn from a distribution g(s). After introducing the required models and concepts of mathematical population genetics, we review different approaches to computing the speed of logarithmic...

the data of this study were collected by indigenous chicken breeding centers in the west azerbaijan for 11 generations. the (co) variance components, heritability's, correlations between traits and breeding values were estimated by multi-trait animal model using wombat software. the genetic trends of traits over 11 generations of selection, using average function of breeding values per gen...

Algorithms for generating genealogies with selection conditional on the sample configuration of n genes in one-locus, two-allele haploid and diploid models are presented. Enhanced integro-recursions using the ancestral selection graph, introduced by S. M. Krone and C. Neuhauser (1997, Theor. Popul. Biol. 51, 210-237), which is the non-neutral analogue of the coalescent, enables accessible simul...

Household surveys are increasingly moving toward self-administered modes of data collection. To maintain a probability sample of the population, researchers must use probability methods to select adults within households. However, very little experimental methodological work has been conducted on within-household selection in mail surveys. In this study, we experimentally examine four methods—t...

s:1640:"Background: Surrogacy is one of the most controversial procedures in infertility treatment. Despite increasing of using this technology in Iran, there are few practical data about surrogacy. There isn't any study assessing experiences of commissioning mothers about surrogate mother selection. The purpose of this study was exploring of commissioning mothers' experiences in sele...

efficiency of the existing protected areas network in conservation of biodiversity is one of the most important challenges of protected areas custodians. despite there are numerous articles on evaluating the efficiency of the protected areas for conserving the habitat and species on national and international scales, in iran this subject has not been studied yet. the aim of the present study is...

BACKGROUND At least 10 large and rare recurrent DNA copy number variants (CNVs) have been identified as risk factors for schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Because such conditions are associated with reduced fecundity, these pathogenic CNVs should be filtered out from the population by selection and must be replenished by de novo events. METHODS To estimate the mutation rat...