during the study on rust mycobiota of central alborz, several rust infected specimens belonging to salicaceae family including populus and salix species were investigated. populus nigra, p. euphratica, saix alba and s. excelsa were infected by various melampsora species. uredinial (ii) and telial (iii) stages of rust were present on infected plants. according to morphological characters, five f...

for most people iterance to hospital is a disturbing experience and expects that nurses be sensitive to patient's physical, emotional and social need at admission. whereas interrupt of sleep due to physical, psychological and social status damage, knowing about effective mechanisms in retention and disturbance of sleep – wake cycles help nurses to make natural criteria for their patient&ap...