BACKGROUND Out-of-hours primary care services have a high general practitioner (GP) workload with increasing costs, while half of all contacts are non-urgent. OBJECTIVES To identify views of GPs to influence the use of the out-of-hours GP cooperatives. METHODS Cross-sectional survey study among a random sample of 800 GPs in the Netherlands. RESULTS Of the 428 respondents (53.5% response r...

Black farmers in America have had a long and arduous struggle to own land and to operate independently. For more than a century after the Civil War, deficient civil rights and various economic and social barriers were applied to maintaining a system where many blacks worked as farm operators with a limited and often total lack of opportunity to achieve ownership and operating independence. Dimi...

Summary This study investigated the effects of Fadama II cooperatives on poverty status farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria. Specifically, assessed level participation among participants; determined factors influencing cooperatives; examined participants and participants. The was conducted south-western A multi-stage sampling procedure used to select respondents for this study. total numbe...

This paper examines the contextual nature of gendered livelihood strategies through a comparative study of rural women=s producer groups in former homelands of South Africa and Appalachia. This comparative approach situates gendered livelihood strategies in distinct local contexts that are constituted by specific historical dynamics and cultural relations. Producer groups are defined here as co...

Over the years since their meager beginnings, agribusiness cooperatives in the U.S. have compiled a checkered history of both praise and condemnation. Some observers have argued that cooperatives no longer communicate with, nor represent the best interests of their farmer members. Some critics suggest that cooperatives have stymied, or at least diffused, free market transactions in the agricult...

Black farmers in America have had a long and arduous struggle to own land and to operate independently. For more than a century after the Civil War, deficient civil rights and various economic and social barriers were applied to maintaining a system where many blacks worked as farm operators with a limited and often total lack of opportunity to achieve ownership and operating independence. Dimi...

Micro-credit for poverty alleviation is an important financial measure of targeted reduction and rural revitalization in China. This paper employs the OLS model Logit to empirically test effect micro-credit on income level stability growth farmers based field survey data 458 registered poverty-stricken farmer households Fuping County Quyang Hebei Province. The results suggest that can increase ...

The future of energy generation is expected to become increasingly decentralized. Today, many customers are already more than demand units, they also act as energy producers (prosumers) and thus active participants in the energy market. The development of energy cooperatives in recent years undermines this observation. Information and communication technologies (ICT) enable management of energy...