In Roman aqueducts, series of vertical dropshafts were used to dissipate the kinetic energy of the flow : i.e., the dropshaft cascades. A re-analysis of Roman dropshaft hydraulics is conducted with physical model tests. Three basic flow patterns are observed. The results demonstrate that the vertical dropshafts could be very efficient energy dissipators and re-oxygenation structures, under appr...

The basic mechanism of reinforcement in tendons addresses the transfer of stress, generated by the deforming proteoglycan (PG)-rich matrix, to the collagen fibrils. Regulating this mechanism involves the interactions of PGs on the fibril with those in the surrounding matrix and between PGs on adjacent fibrils. This understanding is key to establishing new insights on the biomechanics of tendon ...

We explore features of rupture dynamics that (1) lead to slip heterogeneity in earthquake ruptures and (2) maintain conditions that permit slip heterogeneity in subsequent events. Our 3-D finite-element simulations of magnitude 7 events on a vertical, planar strike-slip fault show that the conditions that lead to slip heterogeneity remain in place after large events when the initial shear stres...

Scaling of dynamic rupture processes from small to large earthquakes is critical to seismic hazard assessment. Large subduction earthquakes are typically remote, and we mostly rely on teleseismic body waves to extract information on their slip rate functions. We estimate the P wave source spectra of 942 thrust earthquakes of magnitude Mw 5.5 and above by carefully removing wave propagation effe...

We incorporate shear strain localization into spontaneous elastodynamic rupture simulations using a Shear Transformation Zone (STZ) friction law. In the STZ model, plastic strain in the granular fault gouge occurs in local regions called STZs. The number density of STZs is governed by an effective disorder temperature, and regions with elevated effective temperature have an increased strain rat...

The mechanical properties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in various treatments including: three different varieties (Agria, Satina and Caesar), ten levels of storage time (22 weeks), and three levels of loading direction were presented in this study by conducting 270 uniaxial compression tests. The tests were performed on potato flesh in real conditions of storage. The measurements were done ...

Abstract The rupture behavior of microseismicity in fluid‐injection settings with low fault stresses is generally believed to be controlled by the pore pressure, including a tendency larger induced earthquakes into perturbed volume toward injection well, implying degree predictability. Here, we examine directivity patterns identify planes and directions 21 largest (local magnitudes, 1.3–1.9) re...

Photofragment translational spectroscopy was used to identify the primary and secondary reaction pathways in 193 nm photodissociation of chlorine azide (ClN(3)) under collision-free conditions. Both the molecular elimination (NCl+N(2)) and the radical bond rupture channel (Cl+N(3)) were investigated and compared with earlier results at 248 nm. The radical channel strongly dominates, just as at ...

PURPOSE Many impact tests fail to rigorously analyze the polymer behavior at impact, because they are performed in an energy range too different from real-life incidents, use specimens with other geometries than those of their final application, or they do not take in account polymer viscoelastic nature. A novel low energy impact method that overcomes current method limitations is presented for...