BACKGROUND Compared to the intravenous route, subcutaneous administration of epoetin requires lower dose and will be an attractive option for cost containment when bundling for dialysis is implemented. Hemoglobin variability defined as fluctuation of hemoglobin over time has not been well studied with respect to the route of administration. METHODS 157 prevalent-hemodialysis subjects were ana...

The oral route is preferred by patients for drug administration due to its convenience, resulting in improved compliance. Unfortunately, for a number of drugs (e.g., anticancer drugs), this route of administration remains a challenge. Oral chemotherapy may be an attractive option and especially appropriate for chronic treatment of cancer. However, this route of administration is particularly co...

The significance of the route for administration of murine recombinant interferon-beta (IFN-beta) for inducing its therapeutic effects has been studied. BALB/c mice were daily injected intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously with 1.5x10(3), 1. 5x10(4), or 1.5x10(5) IU of IFN-beta, from one day before to 8th day after mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-2) challenge. All mice received IFN-beta s...

These studies were undertaken to determine if convulsant doses of i.c.v. vs i.v. administered NMDA exhibit differential specificity for anatomical regions of the brain in stimulating c-fos. In rats i.c.v. or i.v. NMDA produced behaviorally similar clonic (popcorn) convulsions associated with transient increases in c-fos mRNA in different brain areas. Transcription of c-fos mRNA peaked at 30 min...

Background The current study was designed to compare the effectiveness and side effects of oral, vaginal, and sublingual misoprostol in termination of second-trimester pregnancy. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial (2014 to 2015), 85 pregnant women in the second trimester of pregnancy were included in Imam Reza hospital, Kermanshah, Iran. They were randomly divided into three groups a...