O decades, there has been increased salinization of fresh water in many regions of the world. Salinization was previously thought to be an environmental problem restricted primarily to arid regions. However, it is now recognized as a global environmental concern impacting humid regions due to human inputs from road deicers, sewage inputs, and water softeners (Figure 1). In both arid and humid r...

Although recent scientific output focuses on multiple shortest-path problem definitions for road networks, none of the existing solutions does efficiently answer all different types of SP queries. This work proposes SALT, a novel framework that not only efficiently answers SP related queries but also k-nearest neighbor queries not handled by previous approaches. Our solution offers all the bene...

Environmental contamination is a common cause of rapid evolution. Recent work has shown that Daphnia pulex, an important freshwater species, can rapidly evolve increased tolerance to a common contaminant, sodium chloride (NaCl) road salt. While such rapid evolution can benefit organisms, allowing them to adapt to new environmental conditions, it can also be associated with unforeseen tradeoffs....

Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is a chemical within concrete which can lead over time to cracking and spalling. Due the complexity of problem, it still causes damage constructions worldwide. The study aims illustrate interdisciplinary research German Federal Institute for Materials Research Testing (BAM) last 20 years, considering all aspects ASR topics from macro- micro-level. First, methods cha...

Cold climate regions have great potential for wind power generation. The available energy in these is about 10% higher than other due to speeds and increased air density. However, usually favorable icing conditions that lead ice accumulation on the turbine blades, which turn increases weight of blades disrupts local airflow, resulting a reduction performance. Considering this problem, plasma ac...

This study investigated the snowstorm impact on Wisconsin state highway system and assessed the winter maintenance effort in improving highway safety from a macroscopic perspective. Though the inverse relationship between the de-icing material consumption and the crash counts during the snowstorms is not reflected in the analysis, it implies that causes of snowstorm crashes are multifold. The f...

Abstract Scaling of concrete due to salt frost attack is an important durability issue in moderate and cold climates. The actual damage mechanism still not completely understood. Two recent theories—the glue spall theory the cryogenic suction theory—offer plausible, but conflicting explanations for scaling mechanism. present study deals with theory, which assumes that freezing can take up unfro...