Ribosome assembly factors guide the complex process by which ribosomal proteins and RNAs form a functional ribosome. However, of plant plastid ribosomes is poorly understood. In present study, we discovered maize (Zea mays) ribosome factor based on our characterization embryo defective 15 (emb15) mutant. Loss function Emb15 retards development at an early stage, but does not substantially affec...

Ribosome stalling on mRNAs can decrease protein expression. To decipher ribosome kinetics at stall sites, we induced ribosome stalling at specific codons by starving the bacterium Escherichia coli for the cognate amino acid. We measured protein synthesis rates from a reporter library of over 100 variants that encoded systematic perturbations of translation initiation rate, the number of stall s...

Antibodies are the most versatile binding proteins in nature with six loops creating a flexible continuous interaction surface. However, in some molecular formats, antibodies are aggregation prone. Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) were successfully created as alternative design solutions. Nevertheless, their concave shape, rigidity and incompletely randomized binding surface may limit...

Protein synthesis in the chloroplast is mediated by the chloroplast ribosome (chloro-ribosome). Overall architecture of the chloro-ribosome is considerably similar to the Escherichia coli (E. coli) ribosome but certain differences are evident. The chloro-ribosome proteins are generally larger because of the presence of chloroplast-specific extensions in their N- and C-termini. The chloro-riboso...

Ribosome formation occurs in the nucleolus through interaction with various trans-acting factors. Therefore, hundreds of nucleolar proteins have a function ribosome formation, although precise each protein is largely unclear. We previously identified an uncharacterized protein, G-patch domain-containing 4 (GPATCH4 or G4), as component pre-ribosomes purified either nucleolin (NCL) NPM1. In this ...

Summary Ribosome biogenesis is a fundamental multi-step cellular process that culminates in the formation of ribosomal subunits, whose production and modification are regulated by numerous factors. In this study, we analyze physiologic prokaryotic ribosome isolating bona fide pre-50S subunits from an Escherichia coli strain with factor ObgE, affinity tagged at its native gene lo...

Introduction : The process of protein synthesis is a vital for all kingdoms life. ribosome ribonucleoprotein complex that reads the genetic code, from messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce proteins and tightly regulate ensure cells growth. fact numerous diseases are caused by defect during biogenesis important understand this pathway. Materials methods We have analyzed literature its links with diffe...