The prostate is composed mainly of epithelial and stromal cells, whose dynamic interaction is vital to a broad array of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, growth, and apoptosis. To understand intercellular communication in the development and progression of prostatic diseases, we examined gene expression in tissues from five patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hy...

The tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous antagonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and, at higher concentrations, inhibits ionotropic glutamate receptors. Increases in KYNA levels are seen in brain and cerebrospinal fluid in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and may be causally related to cognitive deficits in SZ and other psychiatric diseases. As...

An important open problem in Reverse Mathematics ([16, 25]) is the reduction of the first-order strength of the base theory from IΣ1 to I∆0 + exp. The system ERNA, a version of Nonstandard Analysis based on the system I∆0 + exp, provides a partial solution to this problem. Indeed, Weak König’s lemma and many of its equivalent formulations from Reverse Mathematics can be ‘pushed down’ into ERNA,...

fab-less business model in semiconductor industry has led to serious concerns about trustworthy hardware. in untrusted foundries and manufacturing companies, submitted layout may be analyzed and reverse engineered to steal the information of a design or insert malicious trojans. understanding the netlist topology is the ultimate goal of the reverse engineering process. in this paper, we propose...

The HIV-1 nucleocapsid is formed during protease (PR)-directed viral maturation, and is transformed into pre-integration complexes following reverse transcription in the cytoplasm of the infected cell. Here, we report a detailed transmission electron microscopy analysis of the impact of HIV-1 PR and reverse transcriptase (RT) on nucleocapsid plasticity, using in vitro reconstitutions. After bin...

Near-field co-seismic GPS data were used to derive the slip distribution of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Based on field measurements and geological observations, the earthquake is represented by ruptures on the Beichuan fault and a neighboring fault from Pengxian to Guanxian, both dipping with a decreasing angle with depth. Using a layered elastic crust model, we obtained a slip model t...

MOTIVATION In functional genomics, it is frequently useful to correlate expression levels of genes to identify transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) via the presence of common sequence motifs. The underlying assumption is that co-expressed genes are more likely to contain shared TFBS and, thus, TFBS can be identified computationally. Indeed, gene pairs with a very high expression correlatio...