This paper describes a newly patented, low power, ovenized oscillator with the crystal heated directly by means of a thin film resistive heater deposited on its surface. Mounting the resonator inside an evacuated enclosure forms a miniature "thermos" bottle. The only significant path for heat loss is through the resonator mounting ribbons and posts and these, being long and thin, have quite hig...

The fabrication and properties of carbon nanofibers are interesting because of the fiber’s expected conductivity properties. If we can successfully control the fabrication and manipulation of carbon nanofibers we should be able to build nanoscale electronics. In this attempt, we have been able to successfully control some of the properties for the fabrication of nanofibers. Carbon nanofibers we...

A unique method has been developed for internally heating hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) batteries at cold temperatures using alternating current (AC). The poor performance of these batteries in cold climates is of major concern because they suffer a huge loss in capacity. Another symptom of this low performance is a dramatic increase in the series resistance of the battery, R B , as the tempera...

Water heating accounts for 17.7% of total residential energy use in the United States and is the second largest end use after space heating and cooling. There is great potential to improve the energy efficiency of residential water heaters and reduce their energy use in new and existing homes. Previous efforts primarily focused on improving the insulation and combustion efficiency of water heat...

The purpose of this study was to determine if the arterial baroreceptor reflexes modulate the sympathocirculatory responses to acute heat stress. To address this, arterial pressure, heart rate, mesenteric and renal blood flow velocity (Doppler flow probes), arterial plasma norepinephrine, and colonic temperature were measured before and during whole body heating (42 degrees C ambient temperatur...

One of the primary cardiovascular adjustments to hyperthermia is a sympathetically mediated increase in vascular resistance in the viscera. Nonneural factors such as a change in vascular tone or reactivity may also contribute to this response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether vascular smooth muscle tone is altered during heating to physiologically relevant temperatures ...

The effect of water activity (a(w)) on the heat resistance of eight strains of Salmonella was studied. Heat resistance of the organisms increased as the a(w) of the heating menstruum was reduced. Sucrose afforded the cells a greater degree of protection than did fructose, glycerol, and sorbitol. A direct correlation between a(w) and heat resistance could not be established over the range of a(w...