BACKGROUND There is relatively little research concerning the processes whereby Local Research Ethics Committees discharge their responsibilities towards society, potential participants and investigators. OBJECTIVES To examine the criteria used by LRECs in arriving at their decisions concerning approval of research protocols through an analysis of letters sent to investigators. DESIGN Four ...

Plants respond to cold stress by modulating biochemical pathways and array of molecular events. Plant morphology is also affected by the onset of cold conditions culminating at repression in growth as well as yield reduction. As a preventive measure, cascades of complex signal transduction pathways are employed that permit plants to endure freezing or chilling periods. The signaling pathways an...

Many scientists approach the discovery and application of knowledge of physiological processes from a reductionistic paradigm. A reductionistic approach focuses on treating one or a few key disease-related variables but overlooks the interaction of systems and their dependency on one another to produce homeostasis. The purposes of this article are to examine the current paradigm underlying trea...

Research data can be suppressed in various ways, including organizational secrecy, defamation law and refusal to reply to queries. In a broader sense, methods of suppression include pressures not to do research in the first place and attacks on scientists who produce unwelcome data. The context of this sort of suppression includes individual self-interest, vested interests, and paradigms. Suppr...

this study describes the result of relationship between disc personality types and pay to performance system. also, describe the relationship between herzberg two-factor model and pay to performance. we invited 300 mangers’ of bank refahe kargaran to participate in the study through random selection and received 208 returned responses. the responses rate was 69.3 percent. the data used in this ...

objective(s): according to the occupationally risk of infection in staff workers who have direct contact with mycobacterium species, we investigated their immunological parameters and compared with healthy purified protein derivative (ppd) negative volunteers.   materials and methods : we investigated 20 ppd positive volunteers working at tuberculin unit of razi vaccine and serum research insti...

introduction: among soil species earthworms are ubiquitous, abundant and important for soil processes, constituting the largest terrestrial faunal biomass and are also impacted by soil pollutants. the primary purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in earthworm biomass and behavior could serve as a good indicator for copper toxicity in soil systems. another aim of the study was t...

mycobacterium tuberculosis (h37rv strain) was used in this study. the bacterial cells were disintegrated by sonication. the separation and characterization of the soluble molecules were attempted by various techniques including gel filtration, ion exchange chromatographies and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using sds and 2me. eight protein molecules with molecular weights ranging from 6.3 ...

Many sounds in the environment, including speech, are temporally dynamic. The auditory brainstem is exquisitely sensitive to temporal features of the incoming acoustic stream, and by varying the speed of presentation of these auditory signals it is possible to investigate the precision with which temporal cues are represented at a subcortical level. Therefore, to determine the effects of stimul...