Instrument–tissue interaction forces in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) provide valuable information that can be used to haptic perception, monitor tissue trauma, develop training guidelines, and evaluate the skill level of novice expert surgeons. Force tactile sensing is lost many robot-assisted (RAS) systems. Therefore, researchers have focused on recovering this through systems estimation a...

A considerable body of research has investigated the use metadiscourse in academic writing different languages, and it is assumed literature that language- culture-specific. However, little how Arab writers interact with their readers Arabic articles (RAs). Thus, following Hyland’s (2005) models, this study explores interactional introductions 94 RAs totalling 88,350 words published between 201...