The illiberal democracy is the political system where majority of citizens rule, but not freedom consciousness or liberal dividing power absent. In modern history Europe best example this we find in Calvinist Republics as Geneva, Emden and Netherlands. It’s contemporary meaning word because notion “citizen” aristocratic. are members aristocracy patricians towns. But time people only. This liber...

Awards are non-material, extrinsic compensation taking the form of orders, medals, decorations and prizes. They have been widely used in monarchies and republics, private organizations, not-for-profit and profit-oriented firms. Nevertheless, they have so far not received much attention. This paper develops empirically testable hypotheses, analysing the determinants of the supply of awards. The ...

This paper studies effects of unemployment and labour market programmes on real wages in the Czech and Slovak Republics using district panel data for the period 1992-1998. Clear evidence of a “wage curve” exists in both countries. The estimated unemployment elasticity of pay is, however, higher in the Slovak Republic, than in the Czech Republic. The wage subsidy and the public works programme e...

Klyrgyzstan is a rugged country, with the Tien Shan lmountain range covering approximately 95% of the whole territory. The average altitude in Kyrgyzstan is 2,750m above sea level. The highest point is Peak Pobeda at 7,439m and the lowest is 350m above sea level in the south-west of the republic. Kyrgyzstan is the second smallest of the Central Asian republics in both area and population and is...

The most striking characteristic of all five Central Asian Republics is their relatively new appearance on the international scene as independent actors. None of them had an experience as an independent/sovereign state, they had no state structures and mechanisms as such and more over their peoples had no sense of statehood. It is not easy to achieve all these in two generations, whereas other ...

Abstract We study the comparative political economy within territories ruled by medieval republics in Northern Italy. Building on historical evidence, we conceptualize emergence of more inclusive vs. extractive institutions these sovereign polities as driven interests local rulers and their need to build state capacity. provide novel insights role geography contingencies development public gove...