Cognition has been studied intensively for several decades, but the evolutionary processes that shape individual variation in cognitive traits remain elusive [1-3]. For instance, the strength of selection on a cognitive trait has never been estimated in a natural population, and the possibility that positive links with life history variation [1-5] are mitigated by costs [6] or confounded by eco...

The observation that normal pathways of differentiation and development are invariably altered during the process of carcinogenesis implies an intrinsic relationship between these processes. This relationship is particularly evident in the breast, as exemplified by the existence of endocrine risk factors for breast cancer that are related to the timing of normal developmental events. Understand...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify reproductive risk factors associated with dysglycemia (diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose) in a contemporary multiethnic population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 14,661 women screened with an oral glucose tolerance test for the Diabetes Reduction Assessment with Ramipril and Rosiglitazone Medication ...

Objective: Evaluate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) during pregnancy and lactation and evaluate BMD and fracture risk in nulliand multiparous women. Design: Review article Setting: Manuscript published in PubMed from 1966. Main outcome measure: Rate of BMD changes during pregnancy and lactation and BMD and fracture incidence in nulliand multiparous women. Results: Both a pregnancy and six...

In a national study of births to farmers in Norway, grain farming was associated with short gestational age (21-24 weeks). An impact of selective fertility and maternal heterogeneity on the association was suspected but could not be assessed further in a traditional birth-based design. Thus, analyses based on the mother as the observational unit were performed. A total of 45,969 farmers with a ...

The sexes often have different phenotypic optima for important life-history traits, and because of a largely shared genome this can lead to a conflict over trait expression. In mammals, the obligate costs of reproduction are higher for females, making reproductive timing and rate especially liable to conflict between the sexes. While studies from wild vertebrates support such sexual conflict, i...

Does a woman's reproductive history influence her life span? This study explores the question with data from the contemporary female populations of England and Wales and Austria. It is the first comparative study to investigate the relationship between fertility and mortality late in life. We find similar patterns and age-specific trends of excess mortality in both populations: parity significa...

OBJECTIVES This study was performed to evaluate the reproducibility of a questionnaire concerned with reproductive history and to ascertain which characteristics of the subjects (age, the visit-revisit intervals, education and chronic disease) are associated with good reliability in the Korean Multi-Center Cancer Cohort (KMCC) study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 19,688 participants were e...

The observation that normal pathways of differentiation and development are invariably altered during the process of carcinogenesis implies an intrinsic relationship between these processes. This relationship is particularly evident in the breast, as exemplified by the existence of endocrine risk factors for breast cancer that are related to the timing of normal developmental events. Understand...

1 Metastasis Research Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia, 2 School of Cancer Medicine, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia, 3 School of Medicine at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 4 Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5 Breast Cancer Risk and Preven...