Inconsistent gender differences in the outcome of TBI have been reported. The mechanism is unknown. In a recent male animal study, repeated stress followed by TBI had synergistic effects on brain gene expression and caused greater behavioral deficits. Because females are more likely to develop anxiety after stress and because anxiety is mediated by cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) (CB1 and CB2), th...

Accumulating evidence indicates that regular physical exercise benefits health in part by counteracting some of the negative physiological impacts of stress. While some studies identified reductions in some measures of acute stress responses with prior exercise, limited data were available concerning effects on cardiovascular function, and reported effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortic...

Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or exposure to a restraint stressor causes acute anorexia in rats. However, the effects on food intake of repeated injections of CRH or repeated exposures to restraint stress have not been previously reported. As the effects of these more chronic CRH and stress treatments may be of greater relevance to emergin...

Although plasma corticosterone is considered the main glucocorticoid involved in regulation of stress responses in rodents, the presence of plasma cortisol and whether its level can be used as an indicator for rodent activation of stress remain to be determined. In this study, effects of estrous cycle stage, circadian rhythm, and acute and chronic (repeated or unpredictable) stressors of variou...

Excessive or prolonged exposure to stress leads to emotional and cognitive changes, and is a common risk factor for psychiatric disorders, such as major depression. To understand the mechanism underlying neural changes associated with repeated stress, many studies using rodent models of repeated stress have been performed and found structural alterations induced by repeated stress in various br...

Introduction One of the environmental factors that precipitates and exacerbates mental illnesses, including depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse, is repeated life stress. For example, homotypic stressors that occur on a daily basis, such as poverty or medical problems, are associated with increased depressive symptoms [1]. Not everyone exposed to stress has pathological consequenc...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute and repeated immobilization stress on oxygen consumption of the isolated interstitial rats' testes cells (ISC). The ISC testes cells were isolated acording to Anakwe et al. The oxygen consumption by ISC testes was measured polarographically in vitro with a Clark-type oxygen electrode (YSI-5331, Yellow Springs Instrument), which was d...

s | 51 gyrus (DG) fail to mature (Yamasaki et al., Mol. Brain, 2008; Hagihara et al. Cell Reports, in press), in several genetic mouse models that display behavioral abnormalities related to psychiatric disorders. Additionally, chronic administration of fluoxetine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which is used to treat depression, induces “dematuration” of DG neurons: mature DG neurons...

s | 51 gyrus (DG) fail to mature (Yamasaki et al., Mol. Brain, 2008; Hagihara et al. Cell Reports, in press), in several genetic mouse models that display behavioral abnormalities related to psychiatric disorders. Additionally, chronic administration of fluoxetine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which is used to treat depression, induces “dematuration” of DG neurons: mature DG neurons...